Prefix
Prefix แปลว่า “อุปสรรค”หมายถึงคำที่ใช้เติมเข้าข้างหน้าคำอื่น
แล้วทำให้คำคำนั้นมีความหมายผิดไปจากเดิม
เราเรียนคำเช่นนี้ว่า “Prefix” = อุปสรรค ในภาษาอังกฤษอุปสรรคที่ใช้กันมาก
และมักพบเห็นบ่อย ๆ มีอยู่ 10 ตัว คือ
1. –Un (ไม่) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำคุณศัพท์ (Adjective) หรือ คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ (Adverb)
เมื่อเติมแล้วทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมายตรงกันข้าม
เช่น suitable เหมาะสม unsuitable ไม่เหมาะสม
countable นับได้ uncountable นับไม่ได้
2. –Im (ไม่) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำคุณศัพท์ (Adjective) หรือ คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ (Adverb)
เมื่อเติมแล้ว ทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมายตรงกันข้าม
เช่น pure บริสุทธิ์ impure ไม่บริสุทธิ์
polite สุภาพ impolite ไม่สุภาพ
3. –In (ไม่) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำคุณศัพท์ (Adjective) เท่านั้น
เมื่อเติมแล้วทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมาย
direct ตรง indirect
ไม่ตรงexpensive แพง inexpensive ไม่แพง
4. –Re (อีก) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำกริยา (verb) หรือคำนามที่มาจากกริยาเท่านั้น
เมื่อเติมแล้วทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมายว่า “ทำอีก”
เช่น write เขียน rewrite เขียนใหม่
speak พูด respeak พูดอีก
5. –Dis (ไม่) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้ากริยา (verb) หรือเติมหน้าคุณศัพท์ (Adjective)
และเมื่อเติมแล้ว ทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมายตรงกันข้าม
like ชอบ dislike ไม่ชอบ
agree เห็นด้วย disagree ไม่เห็นด้วย
6. –Mis (ผิด) ใช้สำหรับนำหน้าหรือเติมหน้าคำกริยา (verb) เท่านั้น
เมื่อเติมแล้วทำให้กริยาตัวนั้น มีความหมายว่า “กระทำผิด”
เช่น write เขียน miswrite เขียนผิด
spell สะกดตัว misspell สะกดตัวผิด
7. –Pre (ก่อน) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำนาม (Noun) หรือกริยา (verb)
เมื่อเติมแล้วทำให้นามนั้นมีความหมายว่า “ก่อน , หรือทำก่อน”
เช่น history ประวัติศาสตร์ prehistory ก่อนประวัติศาสตร์
university มหาวิทยาลัย preuniversity ก่อนมหาวิทยาลัย
8. –Tri (สาม) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำนาม และเมื่อเติม tri เข้าข้างหน้าแล้ว
ทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมายว่า “สาม” ขึ้นมาทันที
เช่น คำเดิม คำแปล เติมอุปสรรค tri แล้ว คำแปล angle เหลี่ยม triangle
รูปสามเหลี่ยมcycle จักรยาน tricycle รถสามล้อ
9. –Bi (สอง) ใช้สำหรับเติมหน้าคำนาม และเมื่อเติม bi เข้าข้างหน้าแล้ว
ทำให้คำนั้นมีความหมาย“สอง”ขึ้นมาทันที
เช่น cycle จักรยาน bicycle จักรยานสองล้อ
polar ขั้วโลก bipolar มีสองขั้วโลก
10. –En อุปสรรคตัวนี้ไม่มีคำแปลเป็นเอกเทศ เพียงแต่ว่าเมื่อนำไปเติมข้างหน้าคำนาม
หรือคำคุณศัพท์แล้วทำให้คำนั้นกลับเป็นกริยา (verb) ขึ้นมาทันที
เช่น camp ค่ายพัก encamp ตั้งค่าย
sure แน่ใจ ensure รับประกัน
Suffix
Suffix เป็นส่วนของคำที่เติม เพื่อให้รากศัพท์มีความหมายชัดเจนขึ้น
เช่น"ful" แปลว่า เต็มไปด้วย เพราะฉนั้น careful จึงแปลว่า เต็มไปด้วย
เช่น careful beautiful useful meaningful ดังนั้นคำที่ลงท้ายด้วย "_ful" บอกเราว่าเต็มไปด้วย
เช่น คำที่ mesningful คือ คำที่มากด้วยความหมาย
คำที่ลงท้ายด้วย suffix ส่วนใหญ่จะเปลี่ยนชนิดของตัว (part of speech)
เช่น คำนาม , คำคุณศัพท์ , คำกริยา และคำกริยาวิเศษณ์
In every word above, the suffix "-ful" gives you the idea of "much of something.
" A meaningful word "has much meaning."
1. NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES MEANING" a person or a thing
(Suffix ที่เติมแล้วเป็นคำนามที่ หมายถึง คน สัตว์ สิ่งของ)
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
an, -ean, -ian person or thing that is of or belongs to ประชาชนหรือ สิ่งของของประเทศนั้น ๆ
; person skilled in or studying the subject ผู้ชำนาญในวิชาการ American historian
1.ant, -ent person or thing that does the action ผู้กระทำ servant
2.-ee person to whom the action is done ผู้รับการกระทำ trainee -
3.eer person concerned with ผู้เกี่ยวข้อง auctioneer -er, -or person or thing that does something
ผู้กระทำ dancer, screw driver -
4.ess female เพศหญิง actress -
5.ist person who believes in the ideas, principles, or teaching ผู้เชื่อในความคิด หลักการ คำสอน ; person who is skilful in.. ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ nationalistBuddhistreceptionistguitarist
6.-ster person of a certain type คนกลุ่มเดียวกัน youngster -
7.y, -ie dear/ little person or thingผู้เป็นที่รัก สิ่งของเล็ก ๆ น่ารัก daddy, auntie
2. NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES (Suffixes ที่แสดง "คำนาม")
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
1.-acy , -cy state or quality of bankruptcy การล้มละลาย
2.-age activity courage ความกล้าหาญ
3.-al action arrival การมาถึง
4.-ance, -ence action, state or quality importance ความสำคัญ
5.-ary, -ery, -ry place where something is made, done or sold with library ห้องสมุด
6.-ate state electorate กลุ่มผู้ที่มีสิทธิ์เลือกตั้ง
7.-ation, -tion, -ion action, state, condition examination การสอบ cracy, ocracy government, society democracy ประชาธิปไตย
8.-dom state of being ภาวะ freedom เสรีภาพ
9.-ful amount จำนวน handful จำนวน1 กำมือ
10.-hood state or time of being ภาวะ เป็น priesthood สมณเพศ
11.-phobia fear ความกลัว hydrophobia โรคกลัวน้ำ
12.-ic, -ics arts and sciences ศิลป ศาสตร์ physics ฟิสิกส์
13.-ide chemical compound สารเคมี cyanide ไซยาไนด์
14.-ing action การกระทำ gliding การร่อน
15.-ism idea, principles or teachings หลักการ คำสอน Buddhism พุทธศาสนา
16.-ity state, condition, quality สภาพ คุณภาพ humidity ความร้อนชื้น
17.-let, -ette small kind of เล็ก ๆ booklet หนังสือเล่มเล็ก
18.-logy, -ology principles or teaching ศาสตร์ วิชา geology ธรณีวิทยา
19.-ment result of ผลของการกระทำ management การจัดการ
20.-ness state; condition ภาวะ goodness ความดี
21.-ship state or quality of ภาวะ คุณสมบัติ leadership ภาวะผู้นำ
3.ADJECTIVE-FORMING SUFFIXES (Suffixes ที่แสดง "คำคุณศัพท์")
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
-able, -ible capable of; having; changeable
-al, -ial of; concerning; related to mental
-an, -ean, -ian of; belonging of American
-ant, -ent causing pleasant
-ate full of affectionate
-ed having surprised
-en made of wooden
-er comparative bigger
-ese belonging to; origin Japanese
-ful full of; causing careful
-ic, -ical connected with atomic
-ing causing surprising
-ish belonging to having thecharacter of Swedish, childish
-ive, -ative, -itive having the quality of explosive
-less without careless -like similar to childlike
-ly like in manner, nature orappearance; motherly
-ous, -eous, -ious causing dangerous
-some full of in all lonesome
-y full of; like that of rainy, silky
4. ADVERB-FORMING SUFFIXES (Suffixes ที่แสดง "คำกริยาวิเศษณ์")
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
-ly in a manner of (ในอากัปกริยาที่ระบุ) quickly
-ward(s) in direction of ในทิศทาง forwards
-wise in direction of ในทิศทาง c lockwise
5. VERB-FORMING SUFFIXES(suffixes ที่แสดง "คำกริยา")
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
-ate act as; cause to become ทำให้ activate
-ed simple past tense; past participle looked
-en to make something… ทำ whiten
-ify cause; make something… ทำ magnify
-ing present participle reading
-ize (-ise) to make or put something in the stated condition ทำให้ centralize
Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
a- without, not, no abiotic, asexual, asymmetry, atrophy, aphasia,
acentric, atheist, agnostic, amoral, apathy, apod
ab- from, away from abduction, abstinence, abirritant, abjure, absorb
down, down from ablution, abscond, abstract, absent, aberrant
abdomin- abdomen abdominal
-able capable of being, flammable, edible, trainable, charitable,
can do illuminable, usable, notable
ac- sharp acupuncture, acrid, acute, acnode,
acrimonious
-ac pertaining to hypochondriac, maniac, kleptomaniac, pyromaniac
aca- thorny, spiny, nettle, point acaleph, acanaceous, acanthus, acanthoid
-acea class or order name Crustacea, Cetacea
-aceous of the nature of herbaceous, sebaceous
acet- acid, vinegar acetic acid, acerbic, acetabulum
-acious inclined to be spacious, fugacious
acou- hearing acoumeter, acoustics, acoustician
acr(o)- high, up, hill, topmost acrobat, acrodont, acromegaly, acropolis
actin- light ray, beam actiniform, actinic, actinozonal, actinolite
acu- sharp, needl acupuncture, acute, acumen
-acy state of being lunacy, piracy, dormancy, legacy
ad- attached to, near, increase adhere, adductor, adrenal, addict
-ad toward, in the direction of cephalad, cycad, triad, monad
-ade result of action marmalade, lemonade
aden(o)- gland adenoid, adenoma, adenectomy
adip(o)- fat (animal) adipose tissue, adipoma, adipocere
adren- adrenal adrenal gland
aer(o)- air, atmosphere, gas aerobic, aeronautics, aerodynamics,
aeroscope, aeriferous, aerial, aerodrome
aesth- feeling, understanding aesthete, aesthesiometer
af- to, towards afferent
-age act of, state of, heritage, breakage, plumage, sewage, blockage,
collection of, mass marriage
agglutin- to glue together agglutinate
-agogy leading pedagogy, demagogy
agora- open spaces agoraphobia
-agra violent or sharp pain podagra
agr(o)- crops, field, soil agronomy, agroclimatology, agriculture
-al pertaining to, act, cranial, skeletal, mental, internal, humoral,
process of, or relating to pectoral, medial, abdominal, nominal, focal
alb(u)- white albumin, albino, albatross, albedo,
-algia pain causalgia, neuralagia, cardialgia, myalgia
alim- food, to nourish alimentary, aliment
-ality property of, condition of sexuality, proportionality, reality
allele of one another allele frequency, multiple alleles
allo- other, different alloy, allocate, allogamy
alt(o)- high altitude, altimeter, altocumulus, altisonant
alter- another alternate, alter-ego
alveo- cavity, channel alveolus, alveolar cavity, alveolate
am- love amorous, amateur
ambi- on both sides, around ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous
ambly- dull, dim, obtuse, blunt amblyopia, amblygonite, amblyoform
ambu(l)- walk ambulatory, ambulate, ambulance, amble,
amphi- both, on both sides, in amphibian, amphiblastula, amphitheater,
two ways, double, doubly amphipod, amphipneustic
ampli- large, to increase ample, amplify, amplitude, amplicative
amyl- starch amylase, amylopsin
an- without, not, no, negative anaerobic, anarchy, aneroid, ananthous,
anhydrous, anonymous, anemia
-an pertaining to, of, resembling brachyuran, hydrozoan, American
ana- up, again, apart, backward anaphase, analogy, anabolic steroid
-ance the act of, a thing that continuance, annoyance, nuisance, dominance,
inheritance, substance
andr(o)- male, masculine, man androgen, android, androspore, androgny
ane- without feeling anesthetic, anesthesia, anesthesiology
-ane attribute humane, urbane, mundane, arcane, Germane
angina- pain, torture angina pectoris, anginoid, anginal
angio- vessel, closed, cased angioplasty, angiogram, angioblast, angiosperm
anim- soul, breath, spirit animal, animate, animaculum
anis- unequal anisocytosis, aniseikonia, ansiometric
ankyl- crooked, bent, stiff ankylosis, ankylosaur,
annel- year, ringed, segmented annual, annelid, anniversary, annuity
-ant that has, shows or does merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant
ante- before, in front of antedate, anteflexion, anterior, anteroom, antebellum
anter- before, front, in front antenatal, antemortem, antechamber, antecedent
anth- flower antheridium, anther, antherozoid, ananthous
-anthropo- man, human, referring to man anthropology, anthropoid, philanthropy
ant(i)- against antitoxin, antibody, antigen, antidote, antiaircraft
antiq- ancient antique, antiquary, antiquate, antiquity
aper- open aperient, apert, aperture, aperitif
api- top apex, apical, apiculate
apo- detached, away from, off apocrine gland, aponeurosis, apogee, apospory
append- hang on, addition appendage, appendix, appendicle
appet- to seek appetitive, appetite, appetency
aqua- water aqueous, aquifer, aquarium, aquaculture
-ar pertaining to, like, relating to polar, scholar, cellular, stellar, molecular
arbor- tree arboreal, arboretum, arborescent
arch- primitive, original, ancient archenteron, Archaebacteria, archive
-arch ruler, leader monarch, tetrarch
-archy rule, leadership gynarchy, anarchy
archeo- beginning archegonium, archeology
-arian age, sect, occupation librarian, utilitarian, vegetarian, valedictorian
-arium place for oceanarium, terrarium, aquarium, sanitarium, solarium
-ard one who carries an action drunkard
arterio- reguarding arteries arteriosclerosis
arthr(o)- joint, jointed arthropod, arthritis, arthrology, arthroscope
articul- joint articulation, articulate, articulator
-ary pertaining to, place for, imaginary, illusionary, aviary, boundary,
connected with bacillary
asc- sac, bag asci, ascomycete, ascocarp, ascospore
-ase enzyme lipase, sucrase, amylase
-asis condition or state of metastasis, homeostasis
aster- star like, star aster rays, asteroidean, astronomy, astronaut
-asthenia loss of strength, weakness neurasthenia, myasthenia gravis, asthenia gravis
-ate to cause, like, having, owing nervate, laminate, acidulate, oxygenate
-ate chemical compound acetate, aluminate, carbonate
-atic of the kind of plasmatic, somatic
-ation that act of, condition of, speciation, condensation, precipitation, migration
state or concept of, process filtration, oscilation, concentration
atmo- breath, breathe, vapor atmosphere, atmometer, atmolysis
-atory characterized by, of or circulatory, respiratory, ambulatory,
relating to conservatory, laboratory, observatory
audi- hear, hearing audio, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiance, audition
auri- ear auricle, auricular, aurilave
auto- self, same autonomic, automatic, autosome, autotroph, autonomy
autoimmune, autobiography, automobile, autograph
aux- grow auxin, auxiliary, auxospore
avi(s)- bird avian, aviary, aviation, aviator
axi- axis, turn axle, axil, axillary, axilla
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
acentric, atheist, agnostic, amoral, apathy, apod
ab- from, away from abduction, abstinence, abirritant, abjure, absorb
down, down from ablution, abscond, abstract, absent, aberrant
abdomin- abdomen abdominal
-able capable of being, flammable, edible, trainable, charitable,
can do illuminable, usable, notable
ac- sharp acupuncture, acrid, acute, acnode,
acrimonious
-ac pertaining to hypochondriac, maniac, kleptomaniac, pyromaniac
aca- thorny, spiny, nettle, point acaleph, acanaceous, acanthus, acanthoid
-acea class or order name Crustacea, Cetacea
-aceous of the nature of herbaceous, sebaceous
acet- acid, vinegar acetic acid, acerbic, acetabulum
-acious inclined to be spacious, fugacious
acou- hearing acoumeter, acoustics, acoustician
acr(o)- high, up, hill, topmost acrobat, acrodont, acromegaly, acropolis
actin- light ray, beam actiniform, actinic, actinozonal, actinolite
acu- sharp, needl acupuncture, acute, acumen
-acy state of being lunacy, piracy, dormancy, legacy
ad- attached to, near, increase adhere, adductor, adrenal, addict
-ad toward, in the direction of cephalad, cycad, triad, monad
-ade result of action marmalade, lemonade
aden(o)- gland adenoid, adenoma, adenectomy
adip(o)- fat (animal) adipose tissue, adipoma, adipocere
adren- adrenal adrenal gland
aer(o)- air, atmosphere, gas aerobic, aeronautics, aerodynamics,
aeroscope, aeriferous, aerial, aerodrome
aesth- feeling, understanding aesthete, aesthesiometer
af- to, towards afferent
-age act of, state of, heritage, breakage, plumage, sewage, blockage,
collection of, mass marriage
agglutin- to glue together agglutinate
-agogy leading pedagogy, demagogy
agora- open spaces agoraphobia
-agra violent or sharp pain podagra
agr(o)- crops, field, soil agronomy, agroclimatology, agriculture
-al pertaining to, act, cranial, skeletal, mental, internal, humoral,
process of, or relating to pectoral, medial, abdominal, nominal, focal
alb(u)- white albumin, albino, albatross, albedo,
-algia pain causalgia, neuralagia, cardialgia, myalgia
alim- food, to nourish alimentary, aliment
-ality property of, condition of sexuality, proportionality, reality
allele of one another allele frequency, multiple alleles
allo- other, different alloy, allocate, allogamy
alt(o)- high altitude, altimeter, altocumulus, altisonant
alter- another alternate, alter-ego
alveo- cavity, channel alveolus, alveolar cavity, alveolate
am- love amorous, amateur
ambi- on both sides, around ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous
ambly- dull, dim, obtuse, blunt amblyopia, amblygonite, amblyoform
ambu(l)- walk ambulatory, ambulate, ambulance, amble,
amphi- both, on both sides, in amphibian, amphiblastula, amphitheater,
two ways, double, doubly amphipod, amphipneustic
ampli- large, to increase ample, amplify, amplitude, amplicative
amyl- starch amylase, amylopsin
an- without, not, no, negative anaerobic, anarchy, aneroid, ananthous,
anhydrous, anonymous, anemia
-an pertaining to, of, resembling brachyuran, hydrozoan, American
ana- up, again, apart, backward anaphase, analogy, anabolic steroid
-ance the act of, a thing that continuance, annoyance, nuisance, dominance,
inheritance, substance
andr(o)- male, masculine, man androgen, android, androspore, androgny
ane- without feeling anesthetic, anesthesia, anesthesiology
-ane attribute humane, urbane, mundane, arcane, Germane
angina- pain, torture angina pectoris, anginoid, anginal
angio- vessel, closed, cased angioplasty, angiogram, angioblast, angiosperm
anim- soul, breath, spirit animal, animate, animaculum
anis- unequal anisocytosis, aniseikonia, ansiometric
ankyl- crooked, bent, stiff ankylosis, ankylosaur,
annel- year, ringed, segmented annual, annelid, anniversary, annuity
-ant that has, shows or does merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant
ante- before, in front of antedate, anteflexion, anterior, anteroom, antebellum
anter- before, front, in front antenatal, antemortem, antechamber, antecedent
anth- flower antheridium, anther, antherozoid, ananthous
-anthropo- man, human, referring to man anthropology, anthropoid, philanthropy
ant(i)- against antitoxin, antibody, antigen, antidote, antiaircraft
antiq- ancient antique, antiquary, antiquate, antiquity
aper- open aperient, apert, aperture, aperitif
api- top apex, apical, apiculate
apo- detached, away from, off apocrine gland, aponeurosis, apogee, apospory
append- hang on, addition appendage, appendix, appendicle
appet- to seek appetitive, appetite, appetency
aqua- water aqueous, aquifer, aquarium, aquaculture
-ar pertaining to, like, relating to polar, scholar, cellular, stellar, molecular
arbor- tree arboreal, arboretum, arborescent
arch- primitive, original, ancient archenteron, Archaebacteria, archive
-arch ruler, leader monarch, tetrarch
-archy rule, leadership gynarchy, anarchy
archeo- beginning archegonium, archeology
-arian age, sect, occupation librarian, utilitarian, vegetarian, valedictorian
-arium place for oceanarium, terrarium, aquarium, sanitarium, solarium
-ard one who carries an action drunkard
arterio- reguarding arteries arteriosclerosis
arthr(o)- joint, jointed arthropod, arthritis, arthrology, arthroscope
articul- joint articulation, articulate, articulator
-ary pertaining to, place for, imaginary, illusionary, aviary, boundary,
connected with bacillary
asc- sac, bag asci, ascomycete, ascocarp, ascospore
-ase enzyme lipase, sucrase, amylase
-asis condition or state of metastasis, homeostasis
aster- star like, star aster rays, asteroidean, astronomy, astronaut
-asthenia loss of strength, weakness neurasthenia, myasthenia gravis, asthenia gravis
-ate to cause, like, having, owing nervate, laminate, acidulate, oxygenate
-ate chemical compound acetate, aluminate, carbonate
-atic of the kind of plasmatic, somatic
-ation that act of, condition of, speciation, condensation, precipitation, migration
state or concept of, process filtration, oscilation, concentration
atmo- breath, breathe, vapor atmosphere, atmometer, atmolysis
-atory characterized by, of or circulatory, respiratory, ambulatory,
relating to conservatory, laboratory, observatory
audi- hear, hearing audio, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiance, audition
auri- ear auricle, auricular, aurilave
auto- self, same autonomic, automatic, autosome, autotroph, autonomy
autoimmune, autobiography, automobile, autograph
aux- grow auxin, auxiliary, auxospore
avi(s)- bird avian, aviary, aviation, aviator
axi- axis, turn axle, axil, axillary, axilla
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
BSelect another letter.
bac- rod, stick bacteria, Bacillus, bacteriophage
bar- pressure, weight, heavy barometer, barograph, barium, baritone
bas- base basal disc, basidia, basilar
bathos- deep, depths underwater bathysphere, bathymeter, batholith
be- completely, excessively bemuse, bespeak, bewail, besmirch
ben- well benign, benediction, beneficial, benefactor, benefit
bentho- depths (of the sea) benthic, benthos, benthal
bi- two, twice, double binocular, bilateral, bipedal, bipinnate,
bivalve, binocular vision, biennial, binary
bio- life, related to life, living biology, biotic, biogenesis, biopsy, biochemistry
-biosis mode of living symbiosis, abiosis, parabiosis
-blast(o)- embryo form, bud, germ blastula, osteoblast, blastopore, blastoderm
that which will generate blastocyst, blastomere
blepharo- eyelid blepharospasm, blepharoplast, blepharism, blepharadenitis
-boli- ball, throw bolide, catabolism, metabolism
bot- graze, feed, plants botany, botanical, botanist
brachi- arm brachial, brachiocephalic, embrace
brady- slow bradycardia
-branchi- gill branchiomorph, branchiopod
brevi- short brief, brevilineal, brevity
brom(o)- stench bromine, bromide
bronch- windpipe, trachea bronchitis, bronchial, bronchoscope
bry- moss, grow bryology, bryophyte, bryozoan
bucc- cheek buccal, buccinator, buccolingual
bulla- of lead bullet, bullitin
bunio- hill, rounded bunion, bunodont, buninoid
-bursa- purse, pouch bursae, bursitis, bursiform, reimburse, disburse
bac- rod, stick bacteria, Bacillus, bacteriophage
bar- pressure, weight, heavy barometer, barograph, barium, baritone
bas- base basal disc, basidia, basilar
bathos- deep, depths underwater bathysphere, bathymeter, batholith
be- completely, excessively bemuse, bespeak, bewail, besmirch
ben- well benign, benediction, beneficial, benefactor, benefit
bentho- depths (of the sea) benthic, benthos, benthal
bi- two, twice, double binocular, bilateral, bipedal, bipinnate,
bivalve, binocular vision, biennial, binary
bio- life, related to life, living biology, biotic, biogenesis, biopsy, biochemistry
-biosis mode of living symbiosis, abiosis, parabiosis
-blast(o)- embryo form, bud, germ blastula, osteoblast, blastopore, blastoderm
that which will generate blastocyst, blastomere
blepharo- eyelid blepharospasm, blepharoplast, blepharism, blepharadenitis
-boli- ball, throw bolide, catabolism, metabolism
bot- graze, feed, plants botany, botanical, botanist
brachi- arm brachial, brachiocephalic, embrace
brady- slow bradycardia
-branchi- gill branchiomorph, branchiopod
brevi- short brief, brevilineal, brevity
brom(o)- stench bromine, bromide
bronch- windpipe, trachea bronchitis, bronchial, bronchoscope
bry- moss, grow bryology, bryophyte, bryozoan
bucc- cheek buccal, buccinator, buccolingual
bulla- of lead bullet, bullitin
bunio- hill, rounded bunion, bunodont, buninoid
-bursa- purse, pouch bursae, bursitis, bursiform, reimburse, disburse
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
cac(o)- bad cacophony, cacography
calcane- heel calcaneous
calc(i)- lime, chalk calcium, calcite, calcification, calcify
calcu- to reckon, pebble calculator, calculate, calculus
calo(r)- heat calorie, caloreceptor, calorescence, calorimeter
calyp- husk, cover calyx, calypteron, calyptrogen
cand- white, bright candle, candescent, candent
capilli- hair capillary, capillarity
capit- head decapitate, capitate bone
carcin- cancer, a spreading sore carcinogen, carcinoma, carcinization, carcinogenesis
cardi(o)- heart cardiogram, cardiology, endocarditis, tachycardia
cari- decay carrion
carn(i)- flesh carnivore, carnivorous, carnelian, carnage
carp- fruit carpology, carpogonium, carpophore
carp- wrist (carpus) carpal
caryo- nucleus eukaryote, prokaryote
cast- to make pure castigate, caste,
cata- down, under, lower, catabolism, catalyst, catatonia, catastrophe,
decomposition, against catatonic, cataclysm
cathar- pure, purge catheter, catharsis, catharist
caud- tail caudal fin, acaudal, caudate
cauli- stem cauliflower, caulescent, caulicle
-caus- to burn caustic, holocaust, cauterize, causalgia
cav- hollow cave, concave, cavern, caval, cavity
caval- horse cavalier, cavalry, cavalcade
cec- blind cecum
cede- go, yield proceed, precede, exceed, succeed, concede, recede
ceil- heaven ceiling, celestial
-cele hernia, tumor, pouching cystocele, hydatidocele
celi- belly, abdomen celiac, celiac artery
cell small room cell, cellular, cellar, cellarette
ceno- empty cenotaph, cenosis, cenotron
ceno- new, common cenozoic, cenobite, cenosere
cens- to judge censorial, censor, censure
-cent- hundred, hundredth part centigrade, century, centimeter, percent, centipede
-centesis puncturing amniocentesis, rachicentesis, cardiocentesis
-centr- round, middle eccentric, centromere, ethnocentric
centro- center centromere, centriole, centrosome, centrifuse,
centripetal, cenrifugal
-cephal(o)- head, upward, up cephalic, cephalothorax, hydrocephalus, anencephaly,
cephalization, cephalometry, marocephaly, cephalopod
-ceps head biceps, triceps
-cept to take reception, intercept, percept, concept
cereb- brain cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral
cervi- neck cervical collar, cervix
chaeta bristles chaetopod, Polychaeta, chaetognath
cheli claw cheliped, chelicerata, chelicera, cheliform, chelate
chemo- chemical, drug chemosynthesis, chemotherapy, chemotaxis,
chemoreceptor, chemotropism
chiasm- a cross optic chiasm, chiasmata
chir- hand chiroptera, chiropody
chlor(o)- green, containing chloride chlorophyll, chlorine, chloroplast
chol- bile, gall cholesterol, cholera, cholinesterase, cholecyst
chondr- cartilage, small hypochondria, mitochondria, chondrocyte,
grainlike structure Chondrichthyes
-chord- cord, string chordata, notochord, chordate
choroid- skin like choroid coat, choroidoiritis
chrom(o)- color, colored chromosome, chromatography, chromatin, achromic
chron(o)- time chronic, chronological, anachronism, chronology
chrys(o)- golden chrysophyte, chrysochlor, chrysalis, chrysaniline
chym- juice chyme, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, chymosin
-cian having a certain skill physician, clinician, technician
-cide kill, killer, killing insecticide, homicide, herbicide, pesticide, suicide
fratricide, genocide, vespacide, regicide
cilia- little hairs cilium, ciliata, ciliograde
cine- movement cinema, cinematic, cinemascope
circum- around, about circadian, circumference, circumnavigate, circumvent,
circumstance, circulatory, circumcision, circus
cirrh- orange-yellow cirrhosis
cis(e)- cut incise, incision, scissors, circumcision, incisor, excision
-city practice atrocity
class- clan, in common classify, classification, classmate
-clast dissolving, broken osteoclast, iconoclast, orthoclase, plagioclastic, osteoclasia
claust- confined spaces claustrophobia, closet, clausura
clav- key, club clavicle, clavate, clavichord
clima- region, slope climate, climax, climacteric
-cline- to learn incline, recline, clinograph
-clude- closing conclude, occlusion, preclude, include, exclude, seclude
cnid(e)- nettle cnidoblast, cnidophore, cnidocil
co- with, together coed, coevolution, cohesion, cohabitate,
codominance, cohere, cooperate
coagu- curdle, gel coagulate, coagulin
cocc- berry coccus, coccidious, streptococcus, coccidium
-coch- snail cochlea, cochleant, cochleate
-coel(e)- hollow, cavity, chamber coelom, blastocoel, pseudocoelom, hemocoel, mucocoel
-cogni- to know recognize, cognizant,cognoscent,incognito,recognizance coleo- sheath, shield coleophyl, coleoptrera, coleorhiza
collo- gelatin, glue collodion, colloid, collodium
colo- colon colostomy, colitis
colpo- vagina colpospasm, colposcopy
com- together composite, complex, combine, community, complicate
con- with, together conclude, conjoin, connect, congress, connotation
condyl- knob, knuckle condyle, condyloma
coni- dust conidium, conidiophore, conidial
conjunct- join together conjunctiva, conjuctivitis, conjuction
cono- cone conoid, conoscope, conodont
consider with stars consideration, considerate, considerable
contra- against, opposed to contrary, contradict, contraception, contraband
-copia- abundance copious, copiously, cornucopia
copr- feces, excrement, dung coprolite, coprolallia, coprophagous
core- pupil corectopia
cornu- horn cornea, cornu, cornucopia
corona- a ring corona, coronagraph, corrola, coronary, coroniform
corpus- body corpus luteum, corpuscles, corpse, corporation
corro- together-gnaw corrode, corrosive, corrodent
cortic- cortex, bark, rind corticotropin, corticobulbar, corticate, cortin
cosm- universe cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, cosmology
-cost- rib intercostal, costalgia
-cotyl- cup cotyledon, monocotyledon, dicotyledon
counter- against, opposite counterpoint, counterfeit, counter-clockwise
-cracy rule, form of government democracy, autocracy, aristrocracy, meritocracy
cran- skull, head, brain cranium, cranial, craniotomy
-crat a supporter of, rule democrat, autocrat, aristrocrat, bureacrat
cred- to believe credible, credit, incredible, credulous
-crin- secrete, cry endocrine, endocrinology
-crit separate hematocrit
cruci- cross cruciform, cruciate, excruciate, crucial ligament, crucify
crusta- shell, tough hard surface crustacean, cruataceous, crustal
cry(o)- extreme cold, frost cryonics, cryogenics, cryosurgery, cryophyte, cryostorage
crypt- hidden, concealed cryptic, cryptogram, cryptorchism, cryptozoology
culp- fault culprit, culpable
-cubo- lie in or on incubate, incubus, incubator
cumu- pile, heap accumulate, cumulus, cumulative, cumulonimbus
curs- run cursorial, cursive, cursory, precursor, cursor
cusp- a point cuspid, bicuspid, cusped,
cuti- skin cuticle, cutin, subcutaneous, cutaneous respiration
-cy action, function, condition pregnancy, deficiency, impotency, agency, idiocy
cyano- blue, blue green cyanic, cyanosis, cyanide, cyanobacteria
-cycl- round, circle, wheel cycle, epicycle, hydrocycle, cyclone, cyclic, bicycle
-cyst- bladder, sac, pouch cystitis, trichocyst, cystectomy, cystine, cystocele
-cyt(o/e)- cell, hollow vessel erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocyte, osteocyte, cytology,
cytokinesis, cytolysis, cytoplasm, cytoblast, cytochemistry,
cytosis, osteocyte, cytosol, exocytosis, endocytosis
calcane- heel calcaneous
calc(i)- lime, chalk calcium, calcite, calcification, calcify
calcu- to reckon, pebble calculator, calculate, calculus
calo(r)- heat calorie, caloreceptor, calorescence, calorimeter
calyp- husk, cover calyx, calypteron, calyptrogen
cand- white, bright candle, candescent, candent
capilli- hair capillary, capillarity
capit- head decapitate, capitate bone
carcin- cancer, a spreading sore carcinogen, carcinoma, carcinization, carcinogenesis
cardi(o)- heart cardiogram, cardiology, endocarditis, tachycardia
cari- decay carrion
carn(i)- flesh carnivore, carnivorous, carnelian, carnage
carp- fruit carpology, carpogonium, carpophore
carp- wrist (carpus) carpal
caryo- nucleus eukaryote, prokaryote
cast- to make pure castigate, caste,
cata- down, under, lower, catabolism, catalyst, catatonia, catastrophe,
decomposition, against catatonic, cataclysm
cathar- pure, purge catheter, catharsis, catharist
caud- tail caudal fin, acaudal, caudate
cauli- stem cauliflower, caulescent, caulicle
-caus- to burn caustic, holocaust, cauterize, causalgia
cav- hollow cave, concave, cavern, caval, cavity
caval- horse cavalier, cavalry, cavalcade
cec- blind cecum
cede- go, yield proceed, precede, exceed, succeed, concede, recede
ceil- heaven ceiling, celestial
-cele hernia, tumor, pouching cystocele, hydatidocele
celi- belly, abdomen celiac, celiac artery
cell small room cell, cellular, cellar, cellarette
ceno- empty cenotaph, cenosis, cenotron
ceno- new, common cenozoic, cenobite, cenosere
cens- to judge censorial, censor, censure
-cent- hundred, hundredth part centigrade, century, centimeter, percent, centipede
-centesis puncturing amniocentesis, rachicentesis, cardiocentesis
-centr- round, middle eccentric, centromere, ethnocentric
centro- center centromere, centriole, centrosome, centrifuse,
centripetal, cenrifugal
-cephal(o)- head, upward, up cephalic, cephalothorax, hydrocephalus, anencephaly,
cephalization, cephalometry, marocephaly, cephalopod
-ceps head biceps, triceps
-cept to take reception, intercept, percept, concept
cereb- brain cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral
cervi- neck cervical collar, cervix
chaeta bristles chaetopod, Polychaeta, chaetognath
cheli claw cheliped, chelicerata, chelicera, cheliform, chelate
chemo- chemical, drug chemosynthesis, chemotherapy, chemotaxis,
chemoreceptor, chemotropism
chiasm- a cross optic chiasm, chiasmata
chir- hand chiroptera, chiropody
chlor(o)- green, containing chloride chlorophyll, chlorine, chloroplast
chol- bile, gall cholesterol, cholera, cholinesterase, cholecyst
chondr- cartilage, small hypochondria, mitochondria, chondrocyte,
grainlike structure Chondrichthyes
-chord- cord, string chordata, notochord, chordate
choroid- skin like choroid coat, choroidoiritis
chrom(o)- color, colored chromosome, chromatography, chromatin, achromic
chron(o)- time chronic, chronological, anachronism, chronology
chrys(o)- golden chrysophyte, chrysochlor, chrysalis, chrysaniline
chym- juice chyme, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, chymosin
-cian having a certain skill physician, clinician, technician
-cide kill, killer, killing insecticide, homicide, herbicide, pesticide, suicide
fratricide, genocide, vespacide, regicide
cilia- little hairs cilium, ciliata, ciliograde
cine- movement cinema, cinematic, cinemascope
circum- around, about circadian, circumference, circumnavigate, circumvent,
circumstance, circulatory, circumcision, circus
cirrh- orange-yellow cirrhosis
cis(e)- cut incise, incision, scissors, circumcision, incisor, excision
-city practice atrocity
class- clan, in common classify, classification, classmate
-clast dissolving, broken osteoclast, iconoclast, orthoclase, plagioclastic, osteoclasia
claust- confined spaces claustrophobia, closet, clausura
clav- key, club clavicle, clavate, clavichord
clima- region, slope climate, climax, climacteric
-cline- to learn incline, recline, clinograph
-clude- closing conclude, occlusion, preclude, include, exclude, seclude
cnid(e)- nettle cnidoblast, cnidophore, cnidocil
co- with, together coed, coevolution, cohesion, cohabitate,
codominance, cohere, cooperate
coagu- curdle, gel coagulate, coagulin
cocc- berry coccus, coccidious, streptococcus, coccidium
-coch- snail cochlea, cochleant, cochleate
-coel(e)- hollow, cavity, chamber coelom, blastocoel, pseudocoelom, hemocoel, mucocoel
-cogni- to know recognize, cognizant,cognoscent,incognito,recognizance coleo- sheath, shield coleophyl, coleoptrera, coleorhiza
collo- gelatin, glue collodion, colloid, collodium
colo- colon colostomy, colitis
colpo- vagina colpospasm, colposcopy
com- together composite, complex, combine, community, complicate
con- with, together conclude, conjoin, connect, congress, connotation
condyl- knob, knuckle condyle, condyloma
coni- dust conidium, conidiophore, conidial
conjunct- join together conjunctiva, conjuctivitis, conjuction
cono- cone conoid, conoscope, conodont
consider with stars consideration, considerate, considerable
contra- against, opposed to contrary, contradict, contraception, contraband
-copia- abundance copious, copiously, cornucopia
copr- feces, excrement, dung coprolite, coprolallia, coprophagous
core- pupil corectopia
cornu- horn cornea, cornu, cornucopia
corona- a ring corona, coronagraph, corrola, coronary, coroniform
corpus- body corpus luteum, corpuscles, corpse, corporation
corro- together-gnaw corrode, corrosive, corrodent
cortic- cortex, bark, rind corticotropin, corticobulbar, corticate, cortin
cosm- universe cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, cosmology
-cost- rib intercostal, costalgia
-cotyl- cup cotyledon, monocotyledon, dicotyledon
counter- against, opposite counterpoint, counterfeit, counter-clockwise
-cracy rule, form of government democracy, autocracy, aristrocracy, meritocracy
cran- skull, head, brain cranium, cranial, craniotomy
-crat a supporter of, rule democrat, autocrat, aristrocrat, bureacrat
cred- to believe credible, credit, incredible, credulous
-crin- secrete, cry endocrine, endocrinology
-crit separate hematocrit
cruci- cross cruciform, cruciate, excruciate, crucial ligament, crucify
crusta- shell, tough hard surface crustacean, cruataceous, crustal
cry(o)- extreme cold, frost cryonics, cryogenics, cryosurgery, cryophyte, cryostorage
crypt- hidden, concealed cryptic, cryptogram, cryptorchism, cryptozoology
culp- fault culprit, culpable
-cubo- lie in or on incubate, incubus, incubator
cumu- pile, heap accumulate, cumulus, cumulative, cumulonimbus
curs- run cursorial, cursive, cursory, precursor, cursor
cusp- a point cuspid, bicuspid, cusped,
cuti- skin cuticle, cutin, subcutaneous, cutaneous respiration
-cy action, function, condition pregnancy, deficiency, impotency, agency, idiocy
cyano- blue, blue green cyanic, cyanosis, cyanide, cyanobacteria
-cycl- round, circle, wheel cycle, epicycle, hydrocycle, cyclone, cyclic, bicycle
-cyst- bladder, sac, pouch cystitis, trichocyst, cystectomy, cystine, cystocele
-cyt(o/e)- cell, hollow vessel erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocyte, osteocyte, cytology,
cytokinesis, cytolysis, cytoplasm, cytoblast, cytochemistry,
cytosis, osteocyte, cytosol, exocytosis, endocytosis
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
dactyl- finger, toe, digit polydactyl, dactylogram, pterodactyl
de- from, away, down, to decompose, denature, degenerate, detach, deploy,
do the opposite, undoing devoid, deodorize, dehydrate, deoxyribose,
or removal of detoxification, depolarization, desalination
dec(a)- ten, tenth decade, decagon, December
deci- one-tenth decimal, decimeter
deci- falling off, falling out deciduous, decimate, decimate, decidua
-dem- people demographics, democracy, epidemic, demagogue
dendr(o)- tree, branching dendrite, dendrology, dendriform, dendrolith
dent- tooth dentist, Endentata, dentition, denticulate
-derm- skin, covering, tissue layer epidermis, dermal, hypodermic, echinoderm, ectoderm,
dermatologist, dermatitis, endoderm, mesoderm
deut- second deutoplasm, duet, Deuteronomy, deuthyalosome
dextr- right dextrose, dexterity, dextrorotatory, dextroposition,
di- twofold, double, twice disaccharide, dihybrid, diatom, diatomic, dichromate,
dicotyledon, dichotomy, dichotomous key
di- apart digress, diverge, diastyle, dioecious
di- day diurnal
dia- through, across, between diagonal, diagnosis, diameter, diarrhea, dialysis, diaphragm
dict- to say, speak diction, dictate, contradict, indict, predict, verdict, dictum
dilu- wash apart dilute, dilution, dilutent, diluvial
dis- undo, apart, away dissolve, dismiss, disperse, disconnect, disarray, dissent
divi- cut, apart divide, division, dividend, divider
-dom state of being, realm freedom, kingdom, wisdom, stardom
-dont- tooth orthodontist, coelodont, lophodont, periodontitis
dorm- sleep dormant, dormancy, dormitory
dors- back dorsiflexion, dorsal, dorsolateral
dox- view, teaching doxology, orthodox,
-drome race course, running palindrome, airdrome, hippodrome, velodrome
-duct- carry, to lead conduct, aqueduct, abduct, product, deduct, viaduct
-dura- hard dura mater, durable, endure, epidural, subdural
dyn(a)- force, power dynamite, dynamic, dynamo, dynasty
dys- bad, ill, painful, difficult, dysentery, dysfunction, dystrophy, dyslexia, dysplasia,
deformed, abnormal dyspnea, dysuria, dysmenorrhea, dystaxia
de- from, away, down, to decompose, denature, degenerate, detach, deploy,
do the opposite, undoing devoid, deodorize, dehydrate, deoxyribose,
or removal of detoxification, depolarization, desalination
dec(a)- ten, tenth decade, decagon, December
deci- one-tenth decimal, decimeter
deci- falling off, falling out deciduous, decimate, decimate, decidua
-dem- people demographics, democracy, epidemic, demagogue
dendr(o)- tree, branching dendrite, dendrology, dendriform, dendrolith
dent- tooth dentist, Endentata, dentition, denticulate
-derm- skin, covering, tissue layer epidermis, dermal, hypodermic, echinoderm, ectoderm,
dermatologist, dermatitis, endoderm, mesoderm
deut- second deutoplasm, duet, Deuteronomy, deuthyalosome
dextr- right dextrose, dexterity, dextrorotatory, dextroposition,
di- twofold, double, twice disaccharide, dihybrid, diatom, diatomic, dichromate,
dicotyledon, dichotomy, dichotomous key
di- apart digress, diverge, diastyle, dioecious
di- day diurnal
dia- through, across, between diagonal, diagnosis, diameter, diarrhea, dialysis, diaphragm
dict- to say, speak diction, dictate, contradict, indict, predict, verdict, dictum
dilu- wash apart dilute, dilution, dilutent, diluvial
dis- undo, apart, away dissolve, dismiss, disperse, disconnect, disarray, dissent
divi- cut, apart divide, division, dividend, divider
-dom state of being, realm freedom, kingdom, wisdom, stardom
-dont- tooth orthodontist, coelodont, lophodont, periodontitis
dorm- sleep dormant, dormancy, dormitory
dors- back dorsiflexion, dorsal, dorsolateral
dox- view, teaching doxology, orthodox,
-drome race course, running palindrome, airdrome, hippodrome, velodrome
-duct- carry, to lead conduct, aqueduct, abduct, product, deduct, viaduct
-dura- hard dura mater, durable, endure, epidural, subdural
dyn(a)- force, power dynamite, dynamic, dynamo, dynasty
dys- bad, ill, painful, difficult, dysentery, dysfunction, dystrophy, dyslexia, dysplasia,
deformed, abnormal dyspnea, dysuria, dysmenorrhea, dystaxia
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
e(c)- out of, from, exclude emit, edict, elude, erupt, eccentric, ectopic
-ee one who receives action employee, trainee
echino- spiny, prickly echinoderm, echinate, echinus, echinoieda
eco(s)- house ecology, ecosystem, economy, ecotage, ecotone
ech- sound echolocation, echogram, echochamber, echocardiography
ecto- outer, outside, external ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectoparasite, ectomorph
-ectomy cut out, excision appendectomy, tonsillectomy, vasectomy, spleenectomy
effu- pour forth effulence, effulent, effluvium, efflux, effuse, effusion
ego- self egotist, egotistic, egoism
elast- return to shape elastic, elasticity, elastance
electr(o)- electrical, electricity electrocardiogram, gel-electrophoresis, electrocution
embol(i)- a stopper, ball embolism, embolic, embolus, embolectomy
embryo swelling inside embryo, embryology, embryonic, embryosis, embryogenesis
-emia blood condition anemia, toxemia, leukemia, hyperglycemia
-en cause to be, made of harden, lessen, darken, sunken, swollen
en- in, into, within endemic, encephalitis, entangle, enrobe, endear
-ence action, process, state emergence, science, bioluminescence, fluorescence
-enchyma tissue parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, mesenchyma
end(o)- inner, inside, within, endoderm, endoskeleton, endothermic, endoscope, endoblast
internal, in endosperm, endopodite, endoplasm, endocrine, endotoxin
-ene ending for alkenes ethylene, methylene, phenylthalene propene
entero- intestine, gut coelenterate, enteritis, enterostomy, enterobiasis
eo- early, most primitive Eozoan, eohippus, eolithic, eocene
epheme- brief, lasting one day ephemeron, ephemeral, Ephemeridae
epi- over, upon, outer, above, epidermis, epigenesis, epiphyte, epiglottis,
attached to epidemic, epitaph, epicenter, episode
episi- vulva episiotomy
equ- equal equate, equator, equation, equidistant, equilibrium
-er one who, more teacher, lawyer, preacher, brighter, lighter, writer
-erg(y)- work energy, synergist, ergometer, ergograph, synergy, ergal
-erythr(o)- red erythrocyte, phycoerythrin, erythromycin
eso- inside, will bear esophagus, esophoria, esostamenous
-esthesia feeling, sensation synesthesia, kinesthesia, anesthesia
estiv- summer estivation, estival, estivate
estr- female estrogen
ethi- character ethics, ethos, ethically, ethicize
ethno- race, nation ethnic, ethnicity, ethnology, ethnocentric
eti- cause etiology, etiolate
eu- good, well, normal, true, eukaryote, eubacteria, eugenics, euphoria
most typical euthanasia, eulogy, euphemism, eucoelom
eury- wide eurypterid, aneurism, eurycephalic
ex- from, out of, former expel, excretion, exit, extinction, exodus, ex-president
exo- outside, outer, external exoskeleton, exothermic, exopathic, exorhiza, exopodite
exter- outside external, extrinsic, exterior
extra- outside, in addition, beyond extracellular, extracurricular, extraterrestrial, extraneous
-ee one who receives action employee, trainee
echino- spiny, prickly echinoderm, echinate, echinus, echinoieda
eco(s)- house ecology, ecosystem, economy, ecotage, ecotone
ech- sound echolocation, echogram, echochamber, echocardiography
ecto- outer, outside, external ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectoparasite, ectomorph
-ectomy cut out, excision appendectomy, tonsillectomy, vasectomy, spleenectomy
effu- pour forth effulence, effulent, effluvium, efflux, effuse, effusion
ego- self egotist, egotistic, egoism
elast- return to shape elastic, elasticity, elastance
electr(o)- electrical, electricity electrocardiogram, gel-electrophoresis, electrocution
embol(i)- a stopper, ball embolism, embolic, embolus, embolectomy
embryo swelling inside embryo, embryology, embryonic, embryosis, embryogenesis
-emia blood condition anemia, toxemia, leukemia, hyperglycemia
-en cause to be, made of harden, lessen, darken, sunken, swollen
en- in, into, within endemic, encephalitis, entangle, enrobe, endear
-ence action, process, state emergence, science, bioluminescence, fluorescence
-enchyma tissue parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, mesenchyma
end(o)- inner, inside, within, endoderm, endoskeleton, endothermic, endoscope, endoblast
internal, in endosperm, endopodite, endoplasm, endocrine, endotoxin
-ene ending for alkenes ethylene, methylene, phenylthalene propene
entero- intestine, gut coelenterate, enteritis, enterostomy, enterobiasis
eo- early, most primitive Eozoan, eohippus, eolithic, eocene
epheme- brief, lasting one day ephemeron, ephemeral, Ephemeridae
epi- over, upon, outer, above, epidermis, epigenesis, epiphyte, epiglottis,
attached to epidemic, epitaph, epicenter, episode
episi- vulva episiotomy
equ- equal equate, equator, equation, equidistant, equilibrium
-er one who, more teacher, lawyer, preacher, brighter, lighter, writer
-erg(y)- work energy, synergist, ergometer, ergograph, synergy, ergal
-erythr(o)- red erythrocyte, phycoerythrin, erythromycin
eso- inside, will bear esophagus, esophoria, esostamenous
-esthesia feeling, sensation synesthesia, kinesthesia, anesthesia
estiv- summer estivation, estival, estivate
estr- female estrogen
ethi- character ethics, ethos, ethically, ethicize
ethno- race, nation ethnic, ethnicity, ethnology, ethnocentric
eti- cause etiology, etiolate
eu- good, well, normal, true, eukaryote, eubacteria, eugenics, euphoria
most typical euthanasia, eulogy, euphemism, eucoelom
eury- wide eurypterid, aneurism, eurycephalic
ex- from, out of, former expel, excretion, exit, extinction, exodus, ex-president
exo- outside, outer, external exoskeleton, exothermic, exopathic, exorhiza, exopodite
exter- outside external, extrinsic, exterior
extra- outside, in addition, beyond extracellular, extracurricular, extraterrestrial, extraneous
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
faci- make (easy) facile, facilitate, fascimile
fasc- a bundle fascia, fascine, fascist
febri- fever febrifuge, febricity, febrile
feli- happy felicitate, felicity, felicific
felis cat felidae, feline, felineness, Felis domesticusfels- rock felsic, felsite, feldspar
-fer to carry or bear transfer, conifer, aquifer, ferry
fera wild feral, ferocious, fierce
-ferous bearing coniferous, auriferous, sporiferous
fibr- fiber, hair like fibrin, fibroblast, fibrinogen
-fic making, causing scientific, terrific
-fido- faithful, trustful fidelity, infidelity, fiduciary
filo- thread filament, filarial, filopodium
fissi- split, cleft fission, fissure, fissile, fissate
flatu- blow, break wind flatus, flatulate, flatulence, deflate, inflate
-flect turn or bend reflect, deflect, inflect, reflection
-flex- bend flexion, flexor, reflex, flexible, circumflex
-flict- to strike conflict, inflict, infliction
flor- flower, bloom florist, floret, florescence
-flu(x)- flow effluence, influence, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx
fluor- glow with color fluoresce, fluorescence, fluoroscope, fluorescein
-foli(o)- plant, leaves folio, foliage, foliate, foliolate, exfoliate, trifoliate
folli- bag, sack follicle, follicular, folliculated
forami- opening, hole foramen, foraminate, foramen magnum
fore- before, in front of foreskin, foreshadowing, forecast, forefoot, forefinger
-form- shape formula, vermiform, fusiform, formidable
fossa- dig, trench fossil, fossorial, fossilize, fossorial, fossil fuel
fov- pit fovea, foveola, foveiform, fovea centralis
-fract- broken fracture, infraction, fraction, refraction
fragi- delicate, frail fragile, fragment, fragmental, fragmentate, fragmentation
frat- brother, sibling fraternal, fraternity, fraternize
fric- rub, carve frets, fretful, friction, fricative, fricassee
frigi- be cold frigid, refrigerate, frigidity, frigorific
fruc- fruit fructose, fructuous, fructuform
-fug(e)- to drive out, to flee centrifuge, fugitive, fugacious
-ful full of, having much hopeful, useful, thankful, colorful, fruitful, respectful
fuma- smoke, fumes fumigate, fuming, fumarole
fund- bottom, deep fundus, fundamental, fundament
fung- mushroom, toadstool fungus, Fungi, fungal, fungicide
funic- small rope funicular, funiculus, funiculate
furi- to rave, insane furor, fury, infuriate, furious
fuse- to melt, pour together fuse, fusion, fusible, infusible, infusion, transfusion, confusion
-fy make, cause, cause to petrify, simplify, signify, purify, exemplify
fasc- a bundle fascia, fascine, fascist
febri- fever febrifuge, febricity, febrile
feli- happy felicitate, felicity, felicific
felis cat felidae, feline, felineness, Felis domesticusfels- rock felsic, felsite, feldspar
-fer to carry or bear transfer, conifer, aquifer, ferry
fera wild feral, ferocious, fierce
-ferous bearing coniferous, auriferous, sporiferous
fibr- fiber, hair like fibrin, fibroblast, fibrinogen
-fic making, causing scientific, terrific
-fido- faithful, trustful fidelity, infidelity, fiduciary
filo- thread filament, filarial, filopodium
fissi- split, cleft fission, fissure, fissile, fissate
flatu- blow, break wind flatus, flatulate, flatulence, deflate, inflate
-flect turn or bend reflect, deflect, inflect, reflection
-flex- bend flexion, flexor, reflex, flexible, circumflex
-flict- to strike conflict, inflict, infliction
flor- flower, bloom florist, floret, florescence
-flu(x)- flow effluence, influence, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx
fluor- glow with color fluoresce, fluorescence, fluoroscope, fluorescein
-foli(o)- plant, leaves folio, foliage, foliate, foliolate, exfoliate, trifoliate
folli- bag, sack follicle, follicular, folliculated
forami- opening, hole foramen, foraminate, foramen magnum
fore- before, in front of foreskin, foreshadowing, forecast, forefoot, forefinger
-form- shape formula, vermiform, fusiform, formidable
fossa- dig, trench fossil, fossorial, fossilize, fossorial, fossil fuel
fov- pit fovea, foveola, foveiform, fovea centralis
-fract- broken fracture, infraction, fraction, refraction
fragi- delicate, frail fragile, fragment, fragmental, fragmentate, fragmentation
frat- brother, sibling fraternal, fraternity, fraternize
fric- rub, carve frets, fretful, friction, fricative, fricassee
frigi- be cold frigid, refrigerate, frigidity, frigorific
fruc- fruit fructose, fructuous, fructuform
-fug(e)- to drive out, to flee centrifuge, fugitive, fugacious
-ful full of, having much hopeful, useful, thankful, colorful, fruitful, respectful
fuma- smoke, fumes fumigate, fuming, fumarole
fund- bottom, deep fundus, fundamental, fundament
fung- mushroom, toadstool fungus, Fungi, fungal, fungicide
funic- small rope funicular, funiculus, funiculate
furi- to rave, insane furor, fury, infuriate, furious
fuse- to melt, pour together fuse, fusion, fusible, infusible, infusion, transfusion, confusion
-fy make, cause, cause to petrify, simplify, signify, purify, exemplify
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
gala- milk-white galaxy, galactagog, galactic
gamet- sexual, reproductive gamete, gametophyte, gametogenesis, gametocyte
gam(o)- united gamogenesis, gamotropic, gamosepalous
-gamy marriage bigamy, monogamy, cryptogamy
gangli- a swelling, knot, tumor ganglia, ganglion, gangliated, ganglionic
gastr(o)- stomach, digestive gastritis, gastroscope, gastrula, gastrectomy, gastropod
-gate a scandal Watergate, negate, Irangate, interrogate
gem(m)- bud, producing gemma, gemmoid, gemmule, gemmate, gemmiferous
-gen- formation, development, Genesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, gameogenesis
origin, birth, producing generator, generation,
-genic origin, kind, giving rise to carcinogenic, cytogenic, mutagenic, eugenics, photogenic
genus class, to become general, generic, genuine
-gen(y)- race, kind, tribe, origin genealogy, genotype, progeny, homogeny
ge(o)- earth geology, geography, geometry, geotropism
geri- old geriatrics, gerontology, gerontocracy
germ- sprout, seed germinate, germicide, germinal disk
-gesto- to carry digestion, ingested, gestation
giga- giant giantism, gigameter, gigabyte, gigantic
gingiv- gums gingiva, gingivitis
glaci- ice glacial, glacier, glaciate, glacis
glans acron gland, glandular, glandule, glans penis
glauc- gray, blue gray glaucoma, glauconite, glaucous
glea- glue, gelatinous neurogleal, mesoglea
glob- ball gamma globulin, globe, globin, globerigina
glom- make a little ball glomerulus, conglomerate, glomerule
gloss- tongue hypoglossal, glossary, toxiglossa
glott- tongue glottis, epiglottis, polyglot
gluc- sugar glucose, glucinum
glyc(o)- sugar glycogen, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia glycerin
-gnath- jaw Agnatha, gnathopod, prognathous
-gnos(is)- knowledge, belief prognosis, diagnosis, agnostic, gnostic
gon- sexual, seed gonads, gonorrhea, gonophore
-gon angle polygon, pentagon,
-grad- step centigrade, graduate, gradual, gradus
-gram- written record telegram, diagram, grammar, program
-graph- write or draw photograph, topographical, graphite, polygraph, autograph
-graphy recording, description geography, cardiography, enterography, biography
-gregate gather congregate, aggregate
-gress to walk, entrance digress, transgress, ingress, egress, progress
gutta- drops, dripping guttation, gutter, guttate, guttula
gymno- naked gymnospore, gymnosperm, gymnasium
gyn(ec)- female, woman, gynecology, gynecologist, gynoid
-gyro- to whirl, revolve or spin gyrate, gyroscope, autogyro, gyroidal
gamet- sexual, reproductive gamete, gametophyte, gametogenesis, gametocyte
gam(o)- united gamogenesis, gamotropic, gamosepalous
-gamy marriage bigamy, monogamy, cryptogamy
gangli- a swelling, knot, tumor ganglia, ganglion, gangliated, ganglionic
gastr(o)- stomach, digestive gastritis, gastroscope, gastrula, gastrectomy, gastropod
-gate a scandal Watergate, negate, Irangate, interrogate
gem(m)- bud, producing gemma, gemmoid, gemmule, gemmate, gemmiferous
-gen- formation, development, Genesis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, gameogenesis
origin, birth, producing generator, generation,
-genic origin, kind, giving rise to carcinogenic, cytogenic, mutagenic, eugenics, photogenic
genus class, to become general, generic, genuine
-gen(y)- race, kind, tribe, origin genealogy, genotype, progeny, homogeny
ge(o)- earth geology, geography, geometry, geotropism
geri- old geriatrics, gerontology, gerontocracy
germ- sprout, seed germinate, germicide, germinal disk
-gesto- to carry digestion, ingested, gestation
giga- giant giantism, gigameter, gigabyte, gigantic
gingiv- gums gingiva, gingivitis
glaci- ice glacial, glacier, glaciate, glacis
glans acron gland, glandular, glandule, glans penis
glauc- gray, blue gray glaucoma, glauconite, glaucous
glea- glue, gelatinous neurogleal, mesoglea
glob- ball gamma globulin, globe, globin, globerigina
glom- make a little ball glomerulus, conglomerate, glomerule
gloss- tongue hypoglossal, glossary, toxiglossa
glott- tongue glottis, epiglottis, polyglot
gluc- sugar glucose, glucinum
glyc(o)- sugar glycogen, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia glycerin
-gnath- jaw Agnatha, gnathopod, prognathous
-gnos(is)- knowledge, belief prognosis, diagnosis, agnostic, gnostic
gon- sexual, seed gonads, gonorrhea, gonophore
-gon angle polygon, pentagon,
-grad- step centigrade, graduate, gradual, gradus
-gram- written record telegram, diagram, grammar, program
-graph- write or draw photograph, topographical, graphite, polygraph, autograph
-graphy recording, description geography, cardiography, enterography, biography
-gregate gather congregate, aggregate
-gress to walk, entrance digress, transgress, ingress, egress, progress
gutta- drops, dripping guttation, gutter, guttate, guttula
gymno- naked gymnospore, gymnosperm, gymnasium
gyn(ec)- female, woman, gynecology, gynecologist, gynoid
-gyro- to whirl, revolve or spin gyrate, gyroscope, autogyro, gyroidal
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
hal- salt halophyte, halitosis, halide, halite, halogen lights
hallu- wander in mind hallucinate, hallucination, hallucinogen
haplo- single haploid, haplosis, haplopia, haplont, haplology
hect- hundred hectare, hectogram, hectoliter, hectometer
-hedron seat, face, shape hedral, tetrahedron, icosahedron, heptahedron, euhedral
heli- spiral, screw helix, helicopter, helicoid, helictite
helio- sun heliotrope, heleograph, heliometer, heliostat, heliotaxis
helminth- worm Platyhelminthes, helminthic, helminthiasis, anthelmintic
hemat- blood hematoma, hematology, hematocrit, hematopoiesis
hem(o)- blood hemoglobin, hemostat, hemostasis, hemophilia, hemophobia
hemi- half hemisphere, hemimetabolous, hemicrania, hemicycle,
hepat- liver hepatitis, hepatic vein, hepatectomy, hepatoma
hepta- seven heptad, heptagonal, heptarchy, heptathlon, heptastich
herb(a)- plant, grass, green crop herbivore, herbaceous, herbal, herbalist, herbotology
-hereo to cling, stick adhere, adhesion, adhesive, cohere, cohesion
herp- pertaining to reptiles herpetology, herpetologist, herpetological
heter(o)- different, other heterozygous, heterotrophic, heterosexual, heterogenous
hexa- six hexapod, hexagonal, hexameter, hexagone, hexangular
hibern- winter hibernate, hibernal, hibernaculum
hist(o)- tissue histology, histocyte, histogram, histamine, histopathology
-holic love, addiction alcoholic, workaholic, chocoholic
holo- entire, whole holoblastic, holophytic, hologamous, holographic, holocrine
homeo- sameness, likeness homeostasis, homeobox, homeopath
homi- man hominid, homicide, hominoid, Hominidae
homo- alike, similar, same homozygous, homologous, homogenous, homosexual,
homotypic, homogeny
-hood order, condition brotherhood, sisterhood, manhood, falsehood
hyal- glass hyalogen, hyaline, hyaloid, hyalite, hyloplasm
hydr(o)- water, fluid, hydrolysis, hydrophobic, hydrocephalus, hydrant
hydroelectric, hydroponics, hydrothermal, dehydrate
hygr(o)- damp, moist hygrometer, hygroscopic, hygrophilous
hymen- membrane hymeneal, hymenoptera, hymenotomy
hyper- above, excessive, over, hypertonic, hyperactive, hyperglycemia, hyperthyroidism,
more than normal, beyond hyperthermia, hypertension, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
hypn- sleep hypnotherapy, hypnotize, hypnotic, hypnosis
hypo- under, less than, below, hypotonic, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypotension,
beneath hypothermic, hypoallergenic, hypochondria
hyster- uterus, womb hysterectomy
hallu- wander in mind hallucinate, hallucination, hallucinogen
haplo- single haploid, haplosis, haplopia, haplont, haplology
hect- hundred hectare, hectogram, hectoliter, hectometer
-hedron seat, face, shape hedral, tetrahedron, icosahedron, heptahedron, euhedral
heli- spiral, screw helix, helicopter, helicoid, helictite
helio- sun heliotrope, heleograph, heliometer, heliostat, heliotaxis
helminth- worm Platyhelminthes, helminthic, helminthiasis, anthelmintic
hemat- blood hematoma, hematology, hematocrit, hematopoiesis
hem(o)- blood hemoglobin, hemostat, hemostasis, hemophilia, hemophobia
hemi- half hemisphere, hemimetabolous, hemicrania, hemicycle,
hepat- liver hepatitis, hepatic vein, hepatectomy, hepatoma
hepta- seven heptad, heptagonal, heptarchy, heptathlon, heptastich
herb(a)- plant, grass, green crop herbivore, herbaceous, herbal, herbalist, herbotology
-hereo to cling, stick adhere, adhesion, adhesive, cohere, cohesion
herp- pertaining to reptiles herpetology, herpetologist, herpetological
heter(o)- different, other heterozygous, heterotrophic, heterosexual, heterogenous
hexa- six hexapod, hexagonal, hexameter, hexagone, hexangular
hibern- winter hibernate, hibernal, hibernaculum
hist(o)- tissue histology, histocyte, histogram, histamine, histopathology
-holic love, addiction alcoholic, workaholic, chocoholic
holo- entire, whole holoblastic, holophytic, hologamous, holographic, holocrine
homeo- sameness, likeness homeostasis, homeobox, homeopath
homi- man hominid, homicide, hominoid, Hominidae
homo- alike, similar, same homozygous, homologous, homogenous, homosexual,
homotypic, homogeny
-hood order, condition brotherhood, sisterhood, manhood, falsehood
hyal- glass hyalogen, hyaline, hyaloid, hyalite, hyloplasm
hydr(o)- water, fluid, hydrolysis, hydrophobic, hydrocephalus, hydrant
hydroelectric, hydroponics, hydrothermal, dehydrate
hygr(o)- damp, moist hygrometer, hygroscopic, hygrophilous
hymen- membrane hymeneal, hymenoptera, hymenotomy
hyper- above, excessive, over, hypertonic, hyperactive, hyperglycemia, hyperthyroidism,
more than normal, beyond hyperthermia, hypertension, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
hypn- sleep hypnotherapy, hypnotize, hypnotic, hypnosis
hypo- under, less than, below, hypotonic, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypotension,
beneath hypothermic, hypoallergenic, hypochondria
hyster- uterus, womb hysterectomy
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
-ia condition, state anoxia, hysteria, hypothermia
-iac pertaining to iliac, hypochondriac, maniac
-ial of, relating to pericardial, cranial, medial, arterial
-ian one skilled in, resembling physician, comedian, librarian, amphibian
-iasis diseased condition myiasis, psoriasis, elephantiasis, taeniasis, histomoniasis
-iatry- treatment, healing podiatry, psychiatry
-iatrics medical treatment geriatrics, pediatrics, psychiatrics,
-ible capable of being incredible, terrible, visible
-ic pertaining to, having biotic, manic, hyperglycemic, hypodermic, medic
ichthy- fish, referring to fish ichthyology, Chondrichthyes, icthyoid
-ician specialist physician, technician, mortician, musician
icon- image iconic, iconography, iconoclast
-ics technology physics, aerodynamics, forensics, acoustics, mathematics,
-id quality, tending to, tepid, hominid, acid,
connected with buninoid, amoeboid
idi(o)- individual, one's own, self idiosyncracy, idiom, idiopathy,
-idium small one, structure antheridium, basidium, pycnidium
-ify to become, make petrify, basify, rectify,
ignis- fire igneous rock, ignite, ignition
ile- segment of, relating to docile, compile
ileo- twist ileum, ileostomy, ileitis
im- not imbalance, imitation, impassible, imperfect, impede
immun- safe, exempt, free immune, immunity, immunized
in- in, into, not, without inability, inferior, incoherent, intangible
-in pertaining to melanin, insulin, epinephrin, pancreatin
incis- cut into incisor, incisive, incisory
indo- blue, violet indigo, indol, indophenol
infer(i)- below, under inferior, infernal, inferiority
infra- below, under, beneath infrastructure, infrared, infraclusion
-ing act of healing, growing, pumping, blocking, repeating
inter- between, among intercellular, intervention, internet, interval, interlude
intra- within, inside of intracellular, intravenous, intramural, intraocular, intranet
intro- into, within introversion, introduce
-ion act of, process of extinction
-ior pertaining to senior, junior, juror
-ious full of, having bilious,
iris- rainbow color iris, iritis, iritomy, irisopsia
-ish of, relating to, like greenish, tallish
-ism condition, belief in parasitism, alcoholism, botulism,
iso- equal isotonic, isometric, isogamy, isoptera, isobar, isopod
-ist one who specializes in dentist, botanist, ophthalmologist, dermatologist
-istics the science of the nature of statistics, ballistics, linguistics, cladistics
-ite nature of, quality of somite, stalagmite, trilobite,
-itis inflammation, infection appendicitis, arthritis, hepatitis, bronchitis, gingivitis
-ity state, quality, degree formality, normality
-ium chemical element or group ammonium, barium, californium
-ization action, result of making ionization
-ize cause to be, treat with materialize, idolize, ionize
-iac pertaining to iliac, hypochondriac, maniac
-ial of, relating to pericardial, cranial, medial, arterial
-ian one skilled in, resembling physician, comedian, librarian, amphibian
-iasis diseased condition myiasis, psoriasis, elephantiasis, taeniasis, histomoniasis
-iatry- treatment, healing podiatry, psychiatry
-iatrics medical treatment geriatrics, pediatrics, psychiatrics,
-ible capable of being incredible, terrible, visible
-ic pertaining to, having biotic, manic, hyperglycemic, hypodermic, medic
ichthy- fish, referring to fish ichthyology, Chondrichthyes, icthyoid
-ician specialist physician, technician, mortician, musician
icon- image iconic, iconography, iconoclast
-ics technology physics, aerodynamics, forensics, acoustics, mathematics,
-id quality, tending to, tepid, hominid, acid,
connected with buninoid, amoeboid
idi(o)- individual, one's own, self idiosyncracy, idiom, idiopathy,
-idium small one, structure antheridium, basidium, pycnidium
-ify to become, make petrify, basify, rectify,
ignis- fire igneous rock, ignite, ignition
ile- segment of, relating to docile, compile
ileo- twist ileum, ileostomy, ileitis
im- not imbalance, imitation, impassible, imperfect, impede
immun- safe, exempt, free immune, immunity, immunized
in- in, into, not, without inability, inferior, incoherent, intangible
-in pertaining to melanin, insulin, epinephrin, pancreatin
incis- cut into incisor, incisive, incisory
indo- blue, violet indigo, indol, indophenol
infer(i)- below, under inferior, infernal, inferiority
infra- below, under, beneath infrastructure, infrared, infraclusion
-ing act of healing, growing, pumping, blocking, repeating
inter- between, among intercellular, intervention, internet, interval, interlude
intra- within, inside of intracellular, intravenous, intramural, intraocular, intranet
intro- into, within introversion, introduce
-ion act of, process of extinction
-ior pertaining to senior, junior, juror
-ious full of, having bilious,
iris- rainbow color iris, iritis, iritomy, irisopsia
-ish of, relating to, like greenish, tallish
-ism condition, belief in parasitism, alcoholism, botulism,
iso- equal isotonic, isometric, isogamy, isoptera, isobar, isopod
-ist one who specializes in dentist, botanist, ophthalmologist, dermatologist
-istics the science of the nature of statistics, ballistics, linguistics, cladistics
-ite nature of, quality of somite, stalagmite, trilobite,
-itis inflammation, infection appendicitis, arthritis, hepatitis, bronchitis, gingivitis
-ity state, quality, degree formality, normality
-ium chemical element or group ammonium, barium, californium
-ization action, result of making ionization
-ize cause to be, treat with materialize, idolize, ionize
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
-ject throw, hurl eject, project, projectile, reject, trajectory, interject
judic- judge judicial, injudicious, judicature
junct- join adjunct, conjunction, disjunction, neuromuscular junction
-juven- youthful rejuvenate, juvenile, juvenescent
KSelect another letter.
judic- judge judicial, injudicious, judicature
junct- join adjunct, conjunction, disjunction, neuromuscular junction
-juven- youthful rejuvenate, juvenile, juvenescent
KSelect another letter.
karyo- nucleus karyotype, eukaryote, prokaryote
kerat- cornea, horn keratectomy, keratin, keratitis
kilo- one thousand, 1000 kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt, kilocalorie
-kines(a)- movement, action kinesthetic, kinesiology, telekinesis, cytokinesis
kerat- cornea, horn keratectomy, keratin, keratitis
kilo- one thousand, 1000 kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt, kilocalorie
-kines(a)- movement, action kinesthetic, kinesiology, telekinesis, cytokinesis
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
lab- labor, change labile, laboratory, lability
labi- lips labia
lacer- mangled, jagged lacerate, lacerations, lacerated
lacri- tear, cry lacrimate, lacrimator, lachrymose
lact- milk lactate, lactose, lactobacillus
lacu- pit, basin lacuna, lacunose, lacustrine
lamella leaf or layer middle lamella, lamellate, lamellose, lamelliform
-lamin- layer, thin sheet, scale laminate, laminectomy, laminitis
lana- wool lanolin, lanate, lanary
lance spear, dart lancet, lancelet, lancinate
langui- faint, weak languid, languish, languor
lapar(o)- abdominal wall laparotomy, laparocele, laparocele, laparoscope
-lapid- stone dilapidated, lapidary, lapillus, lapidary
lard fat, pig fat larder, lardacein, lardaceous
larva- ghost, spirit of larvae, larval, larvate, larviparous
laryng- throat, gullet larynx, laryngitis, laryngoscope
laten- hidden, lurking latent, latescent, latency
later- brick, red lateritious, laterite, lateritic
later(o)- side, lateral unilateral, bilateral, lateroversion
lati- broad latitude, laticlave, latifoliate
lax- loose laxation, laxative, laxity, relaxation
lega- bequeath legacy, legal, legate,legalization
legit- lawful legitimate, legitimist, illegitimate
lepido- scale, scaly, flake leprosy, lepidoptera, lepidote
-less lack of, without useless, homeless, childless, painless
leuk(o)- white, colorless, clear leukocyte, leukopenia, leukoderma, leucopathy, leucopyrite
levat(a)- to raise levy, leviable, levant, elevator, levee
leve- balance, to the left level, lever, leveful, levogyrate
lex- speech, word, read, law lexicon, lexicology, dyslexia, lexeme, lexical
libra- balance, even librate, deliberate, equilibrium, libratory
libri- tree bark liber, libriform, liberaceous
liga- to bind ligament, ligature, ligate, liable
ligini- wood ligneous, lignin, lignose, lignite
limbus edge limbate, limb, limbic, limbo
limin- threshold limen, liminal, eliminate, limit
linea- line lineage, lineal, lineolate
lingu- tongue lingulate, linguistics, lingual, bilingual, linguoversion
-ling smaller, younger, weaker hatchling, saoling, duckling, earthling
linum flax linoleum, linnet, linen, lingerie
lip- fat lipid, liposuction, lipase, lipoma, lipemia
liqua be fluid liquor, liquid, liquate, liquescent
lith- stone lithograph, monolith, neolithic, lithosphere
-lobe- rounded section lobectomy, lobotomy, lobular, frontal lobe,
loca- place location, locus, locomotive
-logo- speech, thought logical, dialogue, eulogy, apology, logogram
-logy study of, a science biology, ecology, teratology, zoology, physiology
loph- tuft, crest lophodont, lophobranch, lopholith
lubri- slippery lubricant, lubricate, lubricious
luci- light lucid, luciferin, lucifer, luciferase, lucubratory
-lud- play elude, allude, elusive, ludicrous
lumb- lower back, loin lumbar, lumbago, lumbus, elumbated, lumbago
lumen- light illuminate, luminescent, bioluminescent, lumenophore
luna- moon lunar, lunatic, lunacy, lunate, luniform, lunitidal
lunul- moon-like lunula, lunulated, lunular
lupus- wolf lupine, lupus vulgaris, lupoma, Canis lupis
lut- yellow, golden luteolin, corpus luteum, luteous
-ly manner, like quickly, laterally, neuroticly, chronologically
lymph- clear fluid lymphocyte, lymphoid, lymphoma, lymphatic
lyo- loose lyophilic, lyophobic, lyogenic
-lysis- to break up, loosen, burst, lysosome, lysis, hydrolyze, analyze, dialysis
dissolving, to split, release cytolysis, hemolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis
labi- lips labia
lacer- mangled, jagged lacerate, lacerations, lacerated
lacri- tear, cry lacrimate, lacrimator, lachrymose
lact- milk lactate, lactose, lactobacillus
lacu- pit, basin lacuna, lacunose, lacustrine
lamella leaf or layer middle lamella, lamellate, lamellose, lamelliform
-lamin- layer, thin sheet, scale laminate, laminectomy, laminitis
lana- wool lanolin, lanate, lanary
lance spear, dart lancet, lancelet, lancinate
langui- faint, weak languid, languish, languor
lapar(o)- abdominal wall laparotomy, laparocele, laparocele, laparoscope
-lapid- stone dilapidated, lapidary, lapillus, lapidary
lard fat, pig fat larder, lardacein, lardaceous
larva- ghost, spirit of larvae, larval, larvate, larviparous
laryng- throat, gullet larynx, laryngitis, laryngoscope
laten- hidden, lurking latent, latescent, latency
later- brick, red lateritious, laterite, lateritic
later(o)- side, lateral unilateral, bilateral, lateroversion
lati- broad latitude, laticlave, latifoliate
lax- loose laxation, laxative, laxity, relaxation
lega- bequeath legacy, legal, legate,legalization
legit- lawful legitimate, legitimist, illegitimate
lepido- scale, scaly, flake leprosy, lepidoptera, lepidote
-less lack of, without useless, homeless, childless, painless
leuk(o)- white, colorless, clear leukocyte, leukopenia, leukoderma, leucopathy, leucopyrite
levat(a)- to raise levy, leviable, levant, elevator, levee
leve- balance, to the left level, lever, leveful, levogyrate
lex- speech, word, read, law lexicon, lexicology, dyslexia, lexeme, lexical
libra- balance, even librate, deliberate, equilibrium, libratory
libri- tree bark liber, libriform, liberaceous
liga- to bind ligament, ligature, ligate, liable
ligini- wood ligneous, lignin, lignose, lignite
limbus edge limbate, limb, limbic, limbo
limin- threshold limen, liminal, eliminate, limit
linea- line lineage, lineal, lineolate
lingu- tongue lingulate, linguistics, lingual, bilingual, linguoversion
-ling smaller, younger, weaker hatchling, saoling, duckling, earthling
linum flax linoleum, linnet, linen, lingerie
lip- fat lipid, liposuction, lipase, lipoma, lipemia
liqua be fluid liquor, liquid, liquate, liquescent
lith- stone lithograph, monolith, neolithic, lithosphere
-lobe- rounded section lobectomy, lobotomy, lobular, frontal lobe,
loca- place location, locus, locomotive
-logo- speech, thought logical, dialogue, eulogy, apology, logogram
-logy study of, a science biology, ecology, teratology, zoology, physiology
loph- tuft, crest lophodont, lophobranch, lopholith
lubri- slippery lubricant, lubricate, lubricious
luci- light lucid, luciferin, lucifer, luciferase, lucubratory
-lud- play elude, allude, elusive, ludicrous
lumb- lower back, loin lumbar, lumbago, lumbus, elumbated, lumbago
lumen- light illuminate, luminescent, bioluminescent, lumenophore
luna- moon lunar, lunatic, lunacy, lunate, luniform, lunitidal
lunul- moon-like lunula, lunulated, lunular
lupus- wolf lupine, lupus vulgaris, lupoma, Canis lupis
lut- yellow, golden luteolin, corpus luteum, luteous
-ly manner, like quickly, laterally, neuroticly, chronologically
lymph- clear fluid lymphocyte, lymphoid, lymphoma, lymphatic
lyo- loose lyophilic, lyophobic, lyogenic
-lysis- to break up, loosen, burst, lysosome, lysis, hydrolyze, analyze, dialysis
dissolving, to split, release cytolysis, hemolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
macro- large, enlarged, elongated macroscopic, macrophage, macronucleus, macrobiology
madre- mother madreporite, madreporaria, madreporiform, madrepora
magma to knead dough, a pasty mass magma, magmatic, massecuite, milk of magnesia
magn(i)- great magnification, magnificent, magnate, magnum, magna carta
magnet- expressing strong attraction magnetic, magnetize, magneto, magnetite
-mal(i)- bad, faulty malpractice, malocclusion, malodorous, malformation,
malignant, malicious, malign, malnutrition, diamal, malody
-malacia abnormal softening,soft malachite, malacology, malacophilous, malaxate
mall- hammer malleable, malleate, malleolus, mallet
mamm- breast mammogram, mammary gland
mandi- lower jaw,chew mandible, mandibular, mandibulary
mani- hand manipulate, manicure, maniple, manifold, manifest
-mania insane desire, compulsion manic, maniac, manic-depression, kleptomania, mythomania
manu- a hand manufacture, manual, manumission
mar- sea marine, maritime, marinate, meremma, mariner
masto- breast, meat mastectomy, mastitis, mastoid, mastodon, mastopathy
mastigo- whip mastigote, mastigophobia, Mastigophora
materi- matter material, materialize, materalistic
-matic of, relating to plasmatic, somatic, automatic, mathmatic, spermatic
matin morning matins, matinee, matinal, matutinal
maxi- many, most, highest maximum, maximal, maxim, maximize, maximization
maxill- upper jaw maxilla, maxilliped, maxillary
-mea to pass (through) permeate, permeability, permeation
mechani- machine mechanical, mechanic, mechanize, mechanoreceptor
meddl- mix meddler, miscellaneous, miscible, miscibility, immiscible
medi- middle median, mediate, mediastinum, mediocre, medieval
medic- physician, heal medicine, medical, medication
mega- large, one million, great megabyte, megaphone, megalopolis, megadose
-megal(o)- enlargement megalocephaly, megalomaniac, megalosaur
melan- black melanocyte, melanin, melancholy, melanoma, melanoid
memor- mindful, from memory memoir, memorial, memorandum, memorable, memoriter
menac- threats menace, menacing, menaced
mening- membrane meninges, meningeal, meningitis
mensa- table, food mensa, mensal, commensalism, commensial
mensu- to measure mensurative, mensuration, mensurable
ment- jaw (lower) mental, mental point, mentum, mentonniere
ment- mind mental, mentality, mention, demented
-ment act of, that which development, atonement, fragment, aliment, movement
-mer form, shape, part polymer, blastomere, metamerism, merognostic
mes(o)(i)- middle, intermediate mesoderm, mesophyll, mesothorax, mesial, mesozoic
meta- after, beyond, change in metamorphosis, metaphase, metastasis, metatarsal,
form, later, in succession metaphysics, metabolism, metazoan
meteor- weather meteorologist
-meter- means of measurement millimeter, centimeter, diameter, photometer, micrometer
-metr- a measure, measurement isometric, metronome, trigonometry
metr(o)- uterus, womb, mother metropolis, metritis, metronymic
micro- minute; one-millionth microscopic, microbiology, microbe, microorganism
mid- in the middle of mid-term, midsummer, midpoint, midbrain
milli- one-thousandth, thousand millimeter, millipede, millenium, milliampere, milligram
mime- mimic, copy mimosa, mimotype, mimeograph, pantomime
mine burrow, mine miner, mineral, minethrower
mini- least, small minimal, miniature, minimum, miniskirt, miniseries
minis- assistant, help minister, administer, administrator, ministry
minu- less minute, minuet, minus, minuend
mio- to shut, less miotic, miocene, miosis, myopia
mira- wonderful miraculous,miracle, mirage
mis- bad, wrong miscarrage, mistake, misinform
miso- hate misogyny, misanthropy, misogamy
miss- to send missile, missionary, mission
-mit to send transmit, permit, remit, admit,
mito- thread mitosis, mitochondria, mitotic
-mobil- movable automobile, immobility, mobility, mobilize, mobile
modus regulate moderate, modality, module, modus operandi
mola- mill, grind molar, molaris, molary
mole- mass, weight mole, molest, molecule, molecular
mollis- soft mollusk, mollusca, mollify, Alchemilla mollis
mono- one, single, alone monocular, monohybrid, monocotyledon, monolith, monorail
-morph- shape, form, structure metamorphosis, morphology, endomorph, ectomorph,
lagomorph, polymorphic, isomorphism
mor(t)- death morgue, rigor mortis, mortify, mortuary, mortal
moto- moving motor neuron, motile, motion, motive
muc- mucus, be moldy mucus membrane, mucin, mucilage, mucedinous
mult(i)- consisting of many units multicellular, multitude, multipolar, multiple
mural wall murals, intramural, muriform
mut(a)- change mutation, mutagen, mutate, mutability
-mycin obtained from fungi streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin, viomycin
myc(o)- fungi mycology, mycoprotein, mycosis, mycorrhiza, mycelium
myel- spinal cord, bone marrow myelitis, myeloma, myeloid, myelocyte
myo- muscle myocardium, myofibril, myotome, myopathy, myoclonus
myri- ten-thousand myriad, myriagon, myriagram, myriapod
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
madre- mother madreporite, madreporaria, madreporiform, madrepora
magma to knead dough, a pasty mass magma, magmatic, massecuite, milk of magnesia
magn(i)- great magnification, magnificent, magnate, magnum, magna carta
magnet- expressing strong attraction magnetic, magnetize, magneto, magnetite
-mal(i)- bad, faulty malpractice, malocclusion, malodorous, malformation,
malignant, malicious, malign, malnutrition, diamal, malody
-malacia abnormal softening,soft malachite, malacology, malacophilous, malaxate
mall- hammer malleable, malleate, malleolus, mallet
mamm- breast mammogram, mammary gland
mandi- lower jaw,chew mandible, mandibular, mandibulary
mani- hand manipulate, manicure, maniple, manifold, manifest
-mania insane desire, compulsion manic, maniac, manic-depression, kleptomania, mythomania
manu- a hand manufacture, manual, manumission
mar- sea marine, maritime, marinate, meremma, mariner
masto- breast, meat mastectomy, mastitis, mastoid, mastodon, mastopathy
mastigo- whip mastigote, mastigophobia, Mastigophora
materi- matter material, materialize, materalistic
-matic of, relating to plasmatic, somatic, automatic, mathmatic, spermatic
matin morning matins, matinee, matinal, matutinal
maxi- many, most, highest maximum, maximal, maxim, maximize, maximization
maxill- upper jaw maxilla, maxilliped, maxillary
-mea to pass (through) permeate, permeability, permeation
mechani- machine mechanical, mechanic, mechanize, mechanoreceptor
meddl- mix meddler, miscellaneous, miscible, miscibility, immiscible
medi- middle median, mediate, mediastinum, mediocre, medieval
medic- physician, heal medicine, medical, medication
mega- large, one million, great megabyte, megaphone, megalopolis, megadose
-megal(o)- enlargement megalocephaly, megalomaniac, megalosaur
melan- black melanocyte, melanin, melancholy, melanoma, melanoid
memor- mindful, from memory memoir, memorial, memorandum, memorable, memoriter
menac- threats menace, menacing, menaced
mening- membrane meninges, meningeal, meningitis
mensa- table, food mensa, mensal, commensalism, commensial
mensu- to measure mensurative, mensuration, mensurable
ment- jaw (lower) mental, mental point, mentum, mentonniere
ment- mind mental, mentality, mention, demented
-ment act of, that which development, atonement, fragment, aliment, movement
-mer form, shape, part polymer, blastomere, metamerism, merognostic
mes(o)(i)- middle, intermediate mesoderm, mesophyll, mesothorax, mesial, mesozoic
meta- after, beyond, change in metamorphosis, metaphase, metastasis, metatarsal,
form, later, in succession metaphysics, metabolism, metazoan
meteor- weather meteorologist
-meter- means of measurement millimeter, centimeter, diameter, photometer, micrometer
-metr- a measure, measurement isometric, metronome, trigonometry
metr(o)- uterus, womb, mother metropolis, metritis, metronymic
micro- minute; one-millionth microscopic, microbiology, microbe, microorganism
mid- in the middle of mid-term, midsummer, midpoint, midbrain
milli- one-thousandth, thousand millimeter, millipede, millenium, milliampere, milligram
mime- mimic, copy mimosa, mimotype, mimeograph, pantomime
mine burrow, mine miner, mineral, minethrower
mini- least, small minimal, miniature, minimum, miniskirt, miniseries
minis- assistant, help minister, administer, administrator, ministry
minu- less minute, minuet, minus, minuend
mio- to shut, less miotic, miocene, miosis, myopia
mira- wonderful miraculous,miracle, mirage
mis- bad, wrong miscarrage, mistake, misinform
miso- hate misogyny, misanthropy, misogamy
miss- to send missile, missionary, mission
-mit to send transmit, permit, remit, admit,
mito- thread mitosis, mitochondria, mitotic
-mobil- movable automobile, immobility, mobility, mobilize, mobile
modus regulate moderate, modality, module, modus operandi
mola- mill, grind molar, molaris, molary
mole- mass, weight mole, molest, molecule, molecular
mollis- soft mollusk, mollusca, mollify, Alchemilla mollis
mono- one, single, alone monocular, monohybrid, monocotyledon, monolith, monorail
-morph- shape, form, structure metamorphosis, morphology, endomorph, ectomorph,
lagomorph, polymorphic, isomorphism
mor(t)- death morgue, rigor mortis, mortify, mortuary, mortal
moto- moving motor neuron, motile, motion, motive
muc- mucus, be moldy mucus membrane, mucin, mucilage, mucedinous
mult(i)- consisting of many units multicellular, multitude, multipolar, multiple
mural wall murals, intramural, muriform
mut(a)- change mutation, mutagen, mutate, mutability
-mycin obtained from fungi streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin, viomycin
myc(o)- fungi mycology, mycoprotein, mycosis, mycorrhiza, mycelium
myel- spinal cord, bone marrow myelitis, myeloma, myeloid, myelocyte
myo- muscle myocardium, myofibril, myotome, myopathy, myoclonus
myri- ten-thousand myriad, myriagon, myriagram, myriapod
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
nano one billionth nanometer
narc- sleep, numbness, torpor narcolepsy, narcotic, narcosis
nas- nose nasiform, nasology, nares, nasopharynx
nat- birth, to be born neonatal, nation, native, nativity
-naut- ship, sailor cosmonaut, nautical, astronaut, nautilus, nausea
nebul- fog, mist nebula, nebulous, nebulize
necr(o)- death, dead, corpse necrosis, necrotic, necrophilia, necropolis
-nema thread, round nematode, nematocyst, nematoform
neo- new, recent neonatal, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte, neologism
nephr(o)- kidney nephron, nephritis, nephrocele, nephrotomy, nephrosis
-ness state, quality, degree cleanness, brightness, fitness
neur(o)- nerve neurology, neurotransmitter, neuron, neuroblast,
neuromuscular junction, neuralgia, polyneuritis
neutr(o)- neither one nor the other neutron, neutrosphere, neutrino, neutrophil
nictare- to wink, blink nictitate, nictitation, nictitating membrane
nid- nest, center nidus, nidulant, nidology
nigr- black nigro, nigrescence, nigrosine, denigrate, streptonigrin,
noct- night nocturnal, noctilucent, noctograph, noctiluca, noctambulism
nod(o)- knot, swelling nodule, nodular, nodulous, nodical
nomen- name binomial nomenclature, nominal data
-nomy science of, law taxonomy, anatomy, economy, aeronomy, autonomy, isonomy
non- nine, not non-disjunction, nonsense, nonagon, nonferrous, nonabrasive
norma rule, average normal, normality, abnormal, normalcy, normative
noso- disease nosogeny, nosology, nosomania
nota- know, notable notary, notation, notarize, note, notion
-noto- the back notocord, pronotum, notoderm, notomorph
-nova- new novel, novelty, novacaine, innovation, supernova
noxa hurt, harm obnoxious, noxious, noxal, noxiousness, nosode
nucle- kernel, nut nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear, nucleoplasm, enucleate
null- none, no, zero null, nullify, nullipore, nulliparous, nullification
nutri- nourishing, feed nutrition, nutrient, nourish, nourishment
narc- sleep, numbness, torpor narcolepsy, narcotic, narcosis
nas- nose nasiform, nasology, nares, nasopharynx
nat- birth, to be born neonatal, nation, native, nativity
-naut- ship, sailor cosmonaut, nautical, astronaut, nautilus, nausea
nebul- fog, mist nebula, nebulous, nebulize
necr(o)- death, dead, corpse necrosis, necrotic, necrophilia, necropolis
-nema thread, round nematode, nematocyst, nematoform
neo- new, recent neonatal, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte, neologism
nephr(o)- kidney nephron, nephritis, nephrocele, nephrotomy, nephrosis
-ness state, quality, degree cleanness, brightness, fitness
neur(o)- nerve neurology, neurotransmitter, neuron, neuroblast,
neuromuscular junction, neuralgia, polyneuritis
neutr(o)- neither one nor the other neutron, neutrosphere, neutrino, neutrophil
nictare- to wink, blink nictitate, nictitation, nictitating membrane
nid- nest, center nidus, nidulant, nidology
nigr- black nigro, nigrescence, nigrosine, denigrate, streptonigrin,
noct- night nocturnal, noctilucent, noctograph, noctiluca, noctambulism
nod(o)- knot, swelling nodule, nodular, nodulous, nodical
nomen- name binomial nomenclature, nominal data
-nomy science of, law taxonomy, anatomy, economy, aeronomy, autonomy, isonomy
non- nine, not non-disjunction, nonsense, nonagon, nonferrous, nonabrasive
norma rule, average normal, normality, abnormal, normalcy, normative
noso- disease nosogeny, nosology, nosomania
nota- know, notable notary, notation, notarize, note, notion
-noto- the back notocord, pronotum, notoderm, notomorph
-nova- new novel, novelty, novacaine, innovation, supernova
noxa hurt, harm obnoxious, noxious, noxal, noxiousness, nosode
nucle- kernel, nut nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear, nucleoplasm, enucleate
null- none, no, zero null, nullify, nullipore, nulliparous, nullification
nutri- nourishing, feed nutrition, nutrient, nourish, nourishment
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
ob- over, toward, against, to observe, obtrude, obstinate
obver- toward, turn obversant, obvert, obverse, obvolute
oct(o)- eight octopus, October, octagon, octave, octopod
oculo- eye, vision binocular, monocle, oculist
-odo- way, path odometer, anode, cathode
odont- tooth orthodontist, mesodont, macrodont, ogleodont, odontoblast
offic- work-do office, officer, offical, official, officious
-oid resembling, like amoeboid, anthropoid, hominoid, ovoid, mongoloid
-ol ending for an alcohol methanol, ethanol, glycol, isopropenol
ole- oil oleo, oleomargarine, oleoginous, oleate
olfact- to smell olfactory, olfaction, olfactometer
oligo- few, little, small oligarchy, oligochaete, oligodontia
-ologist one who studies biologist, ornithologist, entomologist, archaeologist
-ology study of, science of biology, ecology, teratology, zoology, physiology, nosology
-olus small nucleolus
-oma tumor, swelling hematoma, glaucoma, carcinoma,
-ome biological entity genome, biome, kinome, physiome
-omics area of biology protemics, kinomics, neuromics, genomics, chronomics
omni- all, many omnivore, omnipresent, omnibus, omnipotent, omniscient
omphal- navel omphalos, omphalocele, omphaloskepsis
onco- tumor, cancer oncologist, oncology
onoma- name onomastic, onomatopoeia, onomatomania
onomy- knowledge of astronomy, taxonomy, anatomy, economy, agronomy
onto- being, existence ontology, ontogeny, ontological
-(o)nym name pseudonym, anonymous, caconym, acronym, anonymous
oo- egg cell, beginning oocyte, oogenesis, oogonium
opera work opus, operand, operate, operator
operc- a cover operculum, opercle, opercular, operculate
ophthal- eye ophthalmology, ophthalmic, ophthalmoscope, ophthalmologist
-opia vision, sight myopia, presbyopia
opin- think opinion, opine, opinionated
-opsis- appearance, sight synopsis, macropsia, caryopsis, diposide
-opsy examination biopsy, autopsy
opt- choice option, optimal, opt., optative
-opt(i/o)- eye, vision, sight optometrist, optical, optician, optical illusion
-or one who doctor, operator, accelerator, orator
ora- mouth, pray oral, orifice, orator, oracle
orb- circle orbit, orbiclate, orbital, orbicularis
orchi(o)- testis orchidectomy, orchitis, orchiotomy
ordino- set in order ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance
ornith- bird ornithology, ornithopter, ornithosis
orno- to adorn ornamnet, ornate, adornment, ornamental
ortho- straight, regular, upright orthopedic, orthodontist, orthodox, orthographic
-ory having the nature of, place laboratory,factory, dormitory, rectory
os- bone osteocyte, osteoporosis, osteichthyes, periosteum, ossify
oscill- to swing oscillate, oscillogram, oscilloscope
-ose sugar ending glucose, fructose, deoxiribose, ribose, lactose, sucrose
-osis abnormal condition, state cytosis, prognosis, thrombosis, ostosis, psychosis, neurosis
of, process of, disease tuberculosis, varicosis, exocytosis, arteriosclerosis
osm- sense of smell, odor osmic, osmious, osmium
ossi- bone ossiferous, ossification, ossify
oste(o)- bone osteal, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteomyelitis, osteoperosis
osten- exhibit, reality ostensible, ostentatious, ostentation, ostensory
osti- mouth, door ostium, ostiary, ostiole, ostiolar, ostium
-ostomy new opening colostomy, ileostomy, osteomate, urostomy
ostra- oyster, shell ostracize, ostracod, ostracean, ostracion
oto- ear otocyst, otology, otoscope, otitis, otomycosis
-otic affected with, producing symbiotic, anabiotic, leukocytotic, psychotic
-otomy cut into, incision lobotomy, tracheotomy
-ous containing, pertaining to dexterous, porous, bulbous, poisonous
ov(i)- ovum, egg cell ovary, oviduct, ovule, ovipositor, ovoid, oval
ox(y)- form, oxygen, rust oxidize, deoxyribonucleic acid, oxyhemoglobin, oxiodic
obver- toward, turn obversant, obvert, obverse, obvolute
oct(o)- eight octopus, October, octagon, octave, octopod
oculo- eye, vision binocular, monocle, oculist
-odo- way, path odometer, anode, cathode
odont- tooth orthodontist, mesodont, macrodont, ogleodont, odontoblast
offic- work-do office, officer, offical, official, officious
-oid resembling, like amoeboid, anthropoid, hominoid, ovoid, mongoloid
-ol ending for an alcohol methanol, ethanol, glycol, isopropenol
ole- oil oleo, oleomargarine, oleoginous, oleate
olfact- to smell olfactory, olfaction, olfactometer
oligo- few, little, small oligarchy, oligochaete, oligodontia
-ologist one who studies biologist, ornithologist, entomologist, archaeologist
-ology study of, science of biology, ecology, teratology, zoology, physiology, nosology
-olus small nucleolus
-oma tumor, swelling hematoma, glaucoma, carcinoma,
-ome biological entity genome, biome, kinome, physiome
-omics area of biology protemics, kinomics, neuromics, genomics, chronomics
omni- all, many omnivore, omnipresent, omnibus, omnipotent, omniscient
omphal- navel omphalos, omphalocele, omphaloskepsis
onco- tumor, cancer oncologist, oncology
onoma- name onomastic, onomatopoeia, onomatomania
onomy- knowledge of astronomy, taxonomy, anatomy, economy, agronomy
onto- being, existence ontology, ontogeny, ontological
-(o)nym name pseudonym, anonymous, caconym, acronym, anonymous
oo- egg cell, beginning oocyte, oogenesis, oogonium
opera work opus, operand, operate, operator
operc- a cover operculum, opercle, opercular, operculate
ophthal- eye ophthalmology, ophthalmic, ophthalmoscope, ophthalmologist
-opia vision, sight myopia, presbyopia
opin- think opinion, opine, opinionated
-opsis- appearance, sight synopsis, macropsia, caryopsis, diposide
-opsy examination biopsy, autopsy
opt- choice option, optimal, opt., optative
-opt(i/o)- eye, vision, sight optometrist, optical, optician, optical illusion
-or one who doctor, operator, accelerator, orator
ora- mouth, pray oral, orifice, orator, oracle
orb- circle orbit, orbiclate, orbital, orbicularis
orchi(o)- testis orchidectomy, orchitis, orchiotomy
ordino- set in order ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance
ornith- bird ornithology, ornithopter, ornithosis
orno- to adorn ornamnet, ornate, adornment, ornamental
ortho- straight, regular, upright orthopedic, orthodontist, orthodox, orthographic
-ory having the nature of, place laboratory,factory, dormitory, rectory
os- bone osteocyte, osteoporosis, osteichthyes, periosteum, ossify
oscill- to swing oscillate, oscillogram, oscilloscope
-ose sugar ending glucose, fructose, deoxiribose, ribose, lactose, sucrose
-osis abnormal condition, state cytosis, prognosis, thrombosis, ostosis, psychosis, neurosis
of, process of, disease tuberculosis, varicosis, exocytosis, arteriosclerosis
osm- sense of smell, odor osmic, osmious, osmium
ossi- bone ossiferous, ossification, ossify
oste(o)- bone osteal, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteomyelitis, osteoperosis
osten- exhibit, reality ostensible, ostentatious, ostentation, ostensory
osti- mouth, door ostium, ostiary, ostiole, ostiolar, ostium
-ostomy new opening colostomy, ileostomy, osteomate, urostomy
ostra- oyster, shell ostracize, ostracod, ostracean, ostracion
oto- ear otocyst, otology, otoscope, otitis, otomycosis
-otic affected with, producing symbiotic, anabiotic, leukocytotic, psychotic
-otomy cut into, incision lobotomy, tracheotomy
-ous containing, pertaining to dexterous, porous, bulbous, poisonous
ov(i)- ovum, egg cell ovary, oviduct, ovule, ovipositor, ovoid, oval
ox(y)- form, oxygen, rust oxidize, deoxyribonucleic acid, oxyhemoglobin, oxiodic
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
pachy- thick pachyderma, pachydactyl, pachycarpous, pachyglossal
paleo- ancient, primitive paleology, paleontology, paleolithic, paleocene
pali- repeat, again palisade, palingenesis, palinode
palm hand, a tree Palmae, palmar, palma, palmary, palmaceous
-palpa- touch, feel palpate, palpae, palpable
palud- a swamp paludal, paludamental, paludism
pan- all panorama, panacea, pandemic
papill- nipple papillae, papilloma, papillary, papescent
par- bring forth parent, parturition, parthenogenesis
para- beside, beyond, near parasite, paramedic, paranoid, parathyroid, parabola
pariet- wall parietal, paries, parietal bone, parietal pericardium
-parous birth, bearing young oviparous, viviparous, nulliparous, gemmiparous
pate- open, shallow, pan patella, patent, paten, patera, pateriform
pater father paternal, paternity, paterfamilias
-path(o)- disease pathogenic, pathology, pathogen, psychopath, pathetic
-pect- chest pectoral, pectoralis, expectorate
ped- child, beginning pediatrician, pediatrics, pedigree, pedokinesis, pedophile
pedogenesis,
-ped(i)- foot pedal, bipedal, pedestrian, pinniped, pedipalp, pedicle, uniped
-pel drive expel, propel, repel
pell- skin, pelt pell, pelt, pelage, pellagra, pellicle
pelor- monster peloric, peloria, pelorism, peloriate
pelv(i)- pelvis, basin pelvimetry, pelvifixation, pelviperitonitis, pelvilithotomy
peltas- small leather shield peltast, peltry, peltate, peltarion
pena- punishment penal, penalize, penalty, penance
-penia deficiency, lack leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia
pend- to hand appendage, appendix, pendant, dependent, pendicle, impend
pen(e)(u)- almost peneplain, peninsula, penumbra, penultimate
penetr- put within, inner most penetrate, impenetrable, penetralia
penna feather, wing pennate, impennous, pennigerous, pennant, pennon
penta- five pentamerous, pentose, pentameter, pentagon, pentadactyl
-peptein digestion pepsin, peptone, eupeptic, dyspeptic, peptogen
per- through, completely permeable, perjury, perspective, perfuse, perfervid, perforate
perfor- bore into, pass through perforate, perforation, perfoliate
peri- around, surround perimeter, periosteum, peritoneum, pericardium, periodontal
period a portion of time periodic, periodate, periodicity, periodical, photoperiodism
pessimi- worst pessimistic, pessimize, pessimal, pessimism, pessimist
petiol- fruit-stalk, stem petiole, petiolar, petiolate, petiolaceous
phac- lens of eye, lentil phacoid, angiophacus, phacocele
phaeo- brown, dusky, dun pheochrome, Phaeophyta
-phag(o)- eat, swallow phagocyte, phagocytosis, Phytophagous, monophagy
-phage eater macrophage, bacteriophage, xylophage
phal- fingers, toes phalanges, phalanx, phalanger
-phan- show, appear phantom, cellophane, diaphanous, tryptophan
pharmac- drug pharmacy, pharmaceutical, pharming
pharyng- throat pharynx, pharyngeal, pharyngoscope, pharyngotomy
-phas- speech aphasia, aphasy, aphasic, dysphasia, phatic
-phase stage, condition prophase, metaphase, anaphase
pheno- visible, show, to shine phenol, phenolphthalein, phenomenon, phenotype, phenomenal
-phil(o)- love, fondness philosophy, philanthropy, philocalist, pedophile, hydrophile
philia- attraction to eosinophil, hemophilia, necrophilia
phleb- vein phlebitis, phlebology, phlebotomy, phlebosclerosis
phlob- tree bark phlobophene, phloem, phlogopite
-phob- fear, dislike, aversion claustrophobia, agoraphobia, hydrophobic, acrophobia
-phon(e)- connected with sound phonetic, telephone, phonograph, microphone, angiophone
-phore carrier, carry, bear chromatophore, melanophore, gametophore, cytophore
-phoresis transmission, carrying electrophoresis, isotachophoresis
-phoria feeling euphoria, esophoria, phoronomy
phos- light phosphorescent, phosphorus, phosphine
photo- light, pertaining to light photosynthesis, phototroph, photograph, photon,
phototropism, photometer, photoperiodism
-phragm- fence diaphragm, phragmocone, phragmospore
phren- mind, nerves phrenic, phrenitis, phrenesiac, phrenalgia, frenzy
phyco- seaweed, algae phycology, phycobilin, phycocyanogen, phycomycetes
-phyl- tribe, class phylum, phylogeny, organophylic
phyll- leaf chlorophyll, mesophyll, megaphyllous, phyllomorph
physic- nature physic, physical, physician
physio- produce, function physiography, physiotherapy, physiocracy, physiognomy
-physis- change, growth physique, epiphysis, hypophysis
physo- swelling or distention physometra, physocele, physograde, physiotherapy
-phyt(e)- plant phytohormone, phytoplankton, epiphyte, Chlorophyta,
Tracheophyta, phytotoxic, phytochemistry, phytogenesis
pil(i)- hair piliform, pile, pilar, pilous, piliferous
pinn- feather pinniped, pinnate, pinnigrade
pino- to drink pinocytosis
pisci- fish pisces, piscivorous, piscatory, pisciform, piscinal
placeo- pacify, quiet placebo, placid, placate, placative
plagia- kidnapping plagiarize, plagiarism, plagiarist
plagio- sideways, oblique plagiotropism, plagal, plagioclase
plan(o)- flat, moving planogamete, planometer, planoblast, plane, planet, planaria
-plasia development, growth achondroplasia, desmoplasia
-plasm(a)- fluid substance, mold, protoplasm, cytoplasm, ectoplasm, plasmolysis, plasmatic,
form of life plasma lamp, plasma theory, plasmacyte, plasmacytosis
-plast(y)- particle, grandule, chloroplast, leucoplast, cytoplast, plastogamete, autoplast,
formed, growth, shape neoplasty, thoracoplasty, aplastic, euplastic, mammaplasty
plat(y)- flat, broad platform, plate glass, plateau, platypus, Platyhelminthes
plaud expression of praise applaud, plausible, plaudit, laudable, implausible
-plegia paralysis monoplegia, hemiplegia, quadriplegia
-plect to braid, weave, twist plectin, complect, complexion, complex, complexus
pleo- more pleopod, pleocytosis, pleochroism, pleomorphism
-plete to fill complete, deplete, countreplete, deplete, replete
pleth- too full, excessive plethora, plethoric, plethysmograph
pleur- rib, side pleura, pleurisy, pleuritic
plex- interwoven, to strike plexor, plectrum, pleximeter, perplex, plexiform,
plica- to fold, a ridge plica polonica, pliant, compliance, plication
plum- feather plumage, plumose, plume, plumosity
-pne(a/um)-air, lungs, breathe dyspnea, pneumonia, pneumatophore, pneumatic, apnea
-pod(a) foot, feet gastropod, pseudopod, tripod, arthropod, hexapod, podium
polar- opposite, opposed polarity, Polaris, polarization, polarize, dipolar
poli- grey matter, gray polioclastic, poliosis, polio, poliomyelitis
-polis city metropolis, metropolitan, acropolis, astropolis, necropolis
poly- many, much polyhybrid, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polygamy, polygon
pom- knob, fruit pomiferous, pomegranate, pomology, pome, pommel
pons bridge pons, Pons Fabricius, pons asinorum
popu- people, public population, populace, popular, populate, populacy
por- channel, tiny hole pore, porous, porosity, porifera, osteoporosis
port- carry seaport, portable, mediport, portage, portfolio, import, export
porta- gate portal, port-of-call, portcullis, portico
-potent power potent, potentate, impotent, omnipotent, equipotent
-posi- place position, deposit, imposition
post- after, behind postnatal, posterior, postpartum, postglacial, posterior
pota- river, drink potable, potatory, hippopotamus, potamian, Potameides
praeco- early, premature precocial, precocious, precoces
pre- before, in front of prenatal, preaxial, premedical, prehistoric, preview, prediction
-prehend seize, grasp comprehend, apprehend, prehensile
preter- past, beyond, by preternatural, preterhuman, preterist, preterlegal
prim- first primary primal, primary, primitive, primacy
-proach near approach, reproach, unapproachable, reproachful
pro- before, first prophase, propel, prognosis, proboscis, proceed
pro- for, yes pro-choice, protagonist, proton, proportion, pronoun
-proct- rectum, anus proctoscope, proctology, proctodaeum
propag- multiply, generate propogate, propagation, propagable, propaganda
propel forward-drive propeller, propellant, propulsion
pros- near, in addition to prosenchyma, prosencephalon
prot(o)- first, primary protozoa, protoplasm, prototype, protolithic, protohuman
prox- near, next proximal, proxy, approximate, proximity
pseudo- false pseudopod, pseudocoel, pseudomorph, pseudonym
psora itch, mange psoriasis, psoric, psoralen
psych- mind, mental psychology, psychic, psychotic, psychosomatic
pterid- fern pteridology, pteridophyte, pteridologist
-pter- wing, to fly pterodactyl, macropterous, chiropteran, helicopter, ornithopter
-ptosis falling, drooping ptosis, blepharoptosis, nephroptosis, apoptosis
puber- adult, grown up puberty, puberal, pubescent, puberulent
publi- populace, people public, publication, publicize
puerp- child(birth) puerperal, puerpera, puerperium
pulmo- lung pulmonay, pulmotor, pulmometer
pulvi- cushion, swelling pulvinus, pulvillus, pulvinate, pulvinar
pupa- girl, doll pupae, pupate, pupation
purg- to clean, purify purge, purgatory, purgative
putr- rotten, decay putrid, putrefacation, putrefy, putrescence
puknos- strong, thick, dense pyknodysostosis, pyknomorphous, pyknosis
pyelo- kidney, pelvis pyeloplasty, pyelitis, pyelostomy, pyelonephritis, pyelogram
pylo- gate keeper pylon, pylorus, pyloric
-pyo- pus pyogenic, pyoderma, pyorrhea
pyr(o)- fire, fever Pyrrophyta, pyrophobia, pyromaniac, pyrogen, pyrolysis
pytho- filth, rot pythocenic, python
paleo- ancient, primitive paleology, paleontology, paleolithic, paleocene
pali- repeat, again palisade, palingenesis, palinode
palm hand, a tree Palmae, palmar, palma, palmary, palmaceous
-palpa- touch, feel palpate, palpae, palpable
palud- a swamp paludal, paludamental, paludism
pan- all panorama, panacea, pandemic
papill- nipple papillae, papilloma, papillary, papescent
par- bring forth parent, parturition, parthenogenesis
para- beside, beyond, near parasite, paramedic, paranoid, parathyroid, parabola
pariet- wall parietal, paries, parietal bone, parietal pericardium
-parous birth, bearing young oviparous, viviparous, nulliparous, gemmiparous
pate- open, shallow, pan patella, patent, paten, patera, pateriform
pater father paternal, paternity, paterfamilias
-path(o)- disease pathogenic, pathology, pathogen, psychopath, pathetic
-pect- chest pectoral, pectoralis, expectorate
ped- child, beginning pediatrician, pediatrics, pedigree, pedokinesis, pedophile
pedogenesis,
-ped(i)- foot pedal, bipedal, pedestrian, pinniped, pedipalp, pedicle, uniped
-pel drive expel, propel, repel
pell- skin, pelt pell, pelt, pelage, pellagra, pellicle
pelor- monster peloric, peloria, pelorism, peloriate
pelv(i)- pelvis, basin pelvimetry, pelvifixation, pelviperitonitis, pelvilithotomy
peltas- small leather shield peltast, peltry, peltate, peltarion
pena- punishment penal, penalize, penalty, penance
-penia deficiency, lack leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia
pend- to hand appendage, appendix, pendant, dependent, pendicle, impend
pen(e)(u)- almost peneplain, peninsula, penumbra, penultimate
penetr- put within, inner most penetrate, impenetrable, penetralia
penna feather, wing pennate, impennous, pennigerous, pennant, pennon
penta- five pentamerous, pentose, pentameter, pentagon, pentadactyl
-peptein digestion pepsin, peptone, eupeptic, dyspeptic, peptogen
per- through, completely permeable, perjury, perspective, perfuse, perfervid, perforate
perfor- bore into, pass through perforate, perforation, perfoliate
peri- around, surround perimeter, periosteum, peritoneum, pericardium, periodontal
period a portion of time periodic, periodate, periodicity, periodical, photoperiodism
pessimi- worst pessimistic, pessimize, pessimal, pessimism, pessimist
petiol- fruit-stalk, stem petiole, petiolar, petiolate, petiolaceous
phac- lens of eye, lentil phacoid, angiophacus, phacocele
phaeo- brown, dusky, dun pheochrome, Phaeophyta
-phag(o)- eat, swallow phagocyte, phagocytosis, Phytophagous, monophagy
-phage eater macrophage, bacteriophage, xylophage
phal- fingers, toes phalanges, phalanx, phalanger
-phan- show, appear phantom, cellophane, diaphanous, tryptophan
pharmac- drug pharmacy, pharmaceutical, pharming
pharyng- throat pharynx, pharyngeal, pharyngoscope, pharyngotomy
-phas- speech aphasia, aphasy, aphasic, dysphasia, phatic
-phase stage, condition prophase, metaphase, anaphase
pheno- visible, show, to shine phenol, phenolphthalein, phenomenon, phenotype, phenomenal
-phil(o)- love, fondness philosophy, philanthropy, philocalist, pedophile, hydrophile
philia- attraction to eosinophil, hemophilia, necrophilia
phleb- vein phlebitis, phlebology, phlebotomy, phlebosclerosis
phlob- tree bark phlobophene, phloem, phlogopite
-phob- fear, dislike, aversion claustrophobia, agoraphobia, hydrophobic, acrophobia
-phon(e)- connected with sound phonetic, telephone, phonograph, microphone, angiophone
-phore carrier, carry, bear chromatophore, melanophore, gametophore, cytophore
-phoresis transmission, carrying electrophoresis, isotachophoresis
-phoria feeling euphoria, esophoria, phoronomy
phos- light phosphorescent, phosphorus, phosphine
photo- light, pertaining to light photosynthesis, phototroph, photograph, photon,
phototropism, photometer, photoperiodism
-phragm- fence diaphragm, phragmocone, phragmospore
phren- mind, nerves phrenic, phrenitis, phrenesiac, phrenalgia, frenzy
phyco- seaweed, algae phycology, phycobilin, phycocyanogen, phycomycetes
-phyl- tribe, class phylum, phylogeny, organophylic
phyll- leaf chlorophyll, mesophyll, megaphyllous, phyllomorph
physic- nature physic, physical, physician
physio- produce, function physiography, physiotherapy, physiocracy, physiognomy
-physis- change, growth physique, epiphysis, hypophysis
physo- swelling or distention physometra, physocele, physograde, physiotherapy
-phyt(e)- plant phytohormone, phytoplankton, epiphyte, Chlorophyta,
Tracheophyta, phytotoxic, phytochemistry, phytogenesis
pil(i)- hair piliform, pile, pilar, pilous, piliferous
pinn- feather pinniped, pinnate, pinnigrade
pino- to drink pinocytosis
pisci- fish pisces, piscivorous, piscatory, pisciform, piscinal
placeo- pacify, quiet placebo, placid, placate, placative
plagia- kidnapping plagiarize, plagiarism, plagiarist
plagio- sideways, oblique plagiotropism, plagal, plagioclase
plan(o)- flat, moving planogamete, planometer, planoblast, plane, planet, planaria
-plasia development, growth achondroplasia, desmoplasia
-plasm(a)- fluid substance, mold, protoplasm, cytoplasm, ectoplasm, plasmolysis, plasmatic,
form of life plasma lamp, plasma theory, plasmacyte, plasmacytosis
-plast(y)- particle, grandule, chloroplast, leucoplast, cytoplast, plastogamete, autoplast,
formed, growth, shape neoplasty, thoracoplasty, aplastic, euplastic, mammaplasty
plat(y)- flat, broad platform, plate glass, plateau, platypus, Platyhelminthes
plaud expression of praise applaud, plausible, plaudit, laudable, implausible
-plegia paralysis monoplegia, hemiplegia, quadriplegia
-plect to braid, weave, twist plectin, complect, complexion, complex, complexus
pleo- more pleopod, pleocytosis, pleochroism, pleomorphism
-plete to fill complete, deplete, countreplete, deplete, replete
pleth- too full, excessive plethora, plethoric, plethysmograph
pleur- rib, side pleura, pleurisy, pleuritic
plex- interwoven, to strike plexor, plectrum, pleximeter, perplex, plexiform,
plica- to fold, a ridge plica polonica, pliant, compliance, plication
plum- feather plumage, plumose, plume, plumosity
-pne(a/um)-air, lungs, breathe dyspnea, pneumonia, pneumatophore, pneumatic, apnea
-pod(a) foot, feet gastropod, pseudopod, tripod, arthropod, hexapod, podium
polar- opposite, opposed polarity, Polaris, polarization, polarize, dipolar
poli- grey matter, gray polioclastic, poliosis, polio, poliomyelitis
-polis city metropolis, metropolitan, acropolis, astropolis, necropolis
poly- many, much polyhybrid, polypeptide, polysaccharide, polygamy, polygon
pom- knob, fruit pomiferous, pomegranate, pomology, pome, pommel
pons bridge pons, Pons Fabricius, pons asinorum
popu- people, public population, populace, popular, populate, populacy
por- channel, tiny hole pore, porous, porosity, porifera, osteoporosis
port- carry seaport, portable, mediport, portage, portfolio, import, export
porta- gate portal, port-of-call, portcullis, portico
-potent power potent, potentate, impotent, omnipotent, equipotent
-posi- place position, deposit, imposition
post- after, behind postnatal, posterior, postpartum, postglacial, posterior
pota- river, drink potable, potatory, hippopotamus, potamian, Potameides
praeco- early, premature precocial, precocious, precoces
pre- before, in front of prenatal, preaxial, premedical, prehistoric, preview, prediction
-prehend seize, grasp comprehend, apprehend, prehensile
preter- past, beyond, by preternatural, preterhuman, preterist, preterlegal
prim- first primary primal, primary, primitive, primacy
-proach near approach, reproach, unapproachable, reproachful
pro- before, first prophase, propel, prognosis, proboscis, proceed
pro- for, yes pro-choice, protagonist, proton, proportion, pronoun
-proct- rectum, anus proctoscope, proctology, proctodaeum
propag- multiply, generate propogate, propagation, propagable, propaganda
propel forward-drive propeller, propellant, propulsion
pros- near, in addition to prosenchyma, prosencephalon
prot(o)- first, primary protozoa, protoplasm, prototype, protolithic, protohuman
prox- near, next proximal, proxy, approximate, proximity
pseudo- false pseudopod, pseudocoel, pseudomorph, pseudonym
psora itch, mange psoriasis, psoric, psoralen
psych- mind, mental psychology, psychic, psychotic, psychosomatic
pterid- fern pteridology, pteridophyte, pteridologist
-pter- wing, to fly pterodactyl, macropterous, chiropteran, helicopter, ornithopter
-ptosis falling, drooping ptosis, blepharoptosis, nephroptosis, apoptosis
puber- adult, grown up puberty, puberal, pubescent, puberulent
publi- populace, people public, publication, publicize
puerp- child(birth) puerperal, puerpera, puerperium
pulmo- lung pulmonay, pulmotor, pulmometer
pulvi- cushion, swelling pulvinus, pulvillus, pulvinate, pulvinar
pupa- girl, doll pupae, pupate, pupation
purg- to clean, purify purge, purgatory, purgative
putr- rotten, decay putrid, putrefacation, putrefy, putrescence
puknos- strong, thick, dense pyknodysostosis, pyknomorphous, pyknosis
pyelo- kidney, pelvis pyeloplasty, pyelitis, pyelostomy, pyelonephritis, pyelogram
pylo- gate keeper pylon, pylorus, pyloric
-pyo- pus pyogenic, pyoderma, pyorrhea
pyr(o)- fire, fever Pyrrophyta, pyrophobia, pyromaniac, pyrogen, pyrolysis
pytho- filth, rot pythocenic, python
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
quadri- four, square quadrangle, quadrilateral, quadruped, quadruplets
qual- quality, characteristic quality, qualify, qualitative
quant- how much quantity, quantify, quantum, quantitative
quasi- to some degree, as if quasi-contract, quasi-stellar, quasi-empiricism, quasar
quart- fourth, four quartan, quarter, quartet, quartation, quartile
quer- to seek, search query, question, quest, inquest, conquest, request, requisition
quercin oak quercite, quercine, quercetin, quercitron, Quercus
quiet inactive, still, at rest quiet, quiescent, quietus, quietude
quint- fifth, five quintuplet, quintet, quinate, quincuncial, quincunx
quota- how many quota, quotient, quotidian, quotennial
RSelect another letter.
qual- quality, characteristic quality, qualify, qualitative
quant- how much quantity, quantify, quantum, quantitative
quasi- to some degree, as if quasi-contract, quasi-stellar, quasi-empiricism, quasar
quart- fourth, four quartan, quarter, quartet, quartation, quartile
quer- to seek, search query, question, quest, inquest, conquest, request, requisition
quercin oak quercite, quercine, quercetin, quercitron, Quercus
quiet inactive, still, at rest quiet, quiescent, quietus, quietude
quint- fifth, five quintuplet, quintet, quinate, quincuncial, quincunx
quota- how many quota, quotient, quotidian, quotennial
RSelect another letter.
racem- cluster raceme, racemic, racemiferous, racemiform
rachi- spine rachiometer, rachitis, rachis, rachilla, rachitic
radio- wheel, spoke, ray radial, radiate, radioactive, radiometer, radiochemistry
radix root or point of origin radish, eradicate, radix point
radula scrape radula, radular, radulate, radulated, raduliform
ram- branching ramose, ramify, ramification, ramus, ramiform
rana- frog ranarian, ranarium, ranidae
ranc- stinking, foul smelling rancid, rancor, rancorous
raph- sew, stitch, seam raphia, raphe, raffia, raphide, raphis
rapi- plunder, to seize rapine, rapinous, rapacious, ravish
-ras- scrape, grate rasp, abrasion, abrade, razor
rati(o)- fixed, reason ratio, ration, ratify, rational, rationalize,
re- back, again, a new repeat, report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect
recidi- fall back, back slide recidivate, recidivous, recidivist, recidivation
rect- right, straight rectangle, erect, rectify, misdirect, redirect
regn- rule, prevail reign, regent, regal, regnant
reject- deny, back-throw reject, rejectaneous, rejecter, rejectamenta
relat- borne-back relate, relative, relativity, relation
relic leave-back, neglect relic, relict, derelict, dereliction
reliev relieve, lessen, light relief, relieve, alleviate
remedy heal-again, cure remedies, remedial, remediate
ren- kidney renal, reniform, renin, renal gland,
rendre give back render, rendition, surrender, rendering
repta- to creep reptile, reptant, reptilian, reptation
rere- rear, backward arrears, reredemain, reredos, rereign
resid- remain, left over residual, residue, residuum, residence
resil- leap or bounce back resile, resilient, resiliience, resilin, resiliometer
resist withstand, oppose resist, resistance, resistor,
resona- sound again, echo resonance, resonator, resounding
reti- a net, weblike retina, reticle, retia, retiary, reticulate
retor- back-twist retort, retorsion, retortion, retortamonad
retrac- pull back, draw back retraction, retractile, retreat, retractable
retro- backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retroactive, retrogress, retrovert
reve- throw back the veil reveal, revealable, revelation
revi- see again review, revise, revision
rhabd- rod, rodlike rhabdomyoma, rhabditis, rhabdocoele, rhabdomancy, rhabdite
rach- spine, backbone rachianesthesia, rachidian, rachopathy, rachilysisrhage
rheo- current, flow rheostat, rheotaxis, rheoscope
rhin(o)- nose, snout rhinoceros, rhinovirus, rhinoplasty
rhiz(o)- root, pertaining to roots rhizoid, rhizome, rhizopod, rhizocarpous
rhod(o)- red, rose rhodium, rhododendron, rhodamine, rhodolite
rid(i)- joke, laugh, jest, funny riant, rident, ridicule, ridiculous
rigid stiff, fixed, set rigid, rigidity, rigor, rigorous, rigor mortis
robur- strength roborant, robust, roberite
rogare ask, question rogatory, rogation, interrogate,
rostr(a) beak, prow rostral, rostrate, rostrad, rostellum, curvirostral, serratirostral
rota- wheel, circle rotary, rotor, Rotifera, rotation
-rraphy suture aneurysmorrhaphy
-rrhage break, burst hemorrhage, menorrhagia, mastorrhagia, metrorragia
-rrhea flowing, discharge diarrhea, gonorrhea, menorrhea, seborrhea, amniorrhea
rub- red, rosy rubella, rubeola, ruby, rubescent, rubric
rugos- wrinkle rugose, rugulose, rugosity, Rugosa
-rupt- break, burst rupture, interrupt, abrupt, rout
rachi- spine rachiometer, rachitis, rachis, rachilla, rachitic
radio- wheel, spoke, ray radial, radiate, radioactive, radiometer, radiochemistry
radix root or point of origin radish, eradicate, radix point
radula scrape radula, radular, radulate, radulated, raduliform
ram- branching ramose, ramify, ramification, ramus, ramiform
rana- frog ranarian, ranarium, ranidae
ranc- stinking, foul smelling rancid, rancor, rancorous
raph- sew, stitch, seam raphia, raphe, raffia, raphide, raphis
rapi- plunder, to seize rapine, rapinous, rapacious, ravish
-ras- scrape, grate rasp, abrasion, abrade, razor
rati(o)- fixed, reason ratio, ration, ratify, rational, rationalize,
re- back, again, a new repeat, report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect
recidi- fall back, back slide recidivate, recidivous, recidivist, recidivation
rect- right, straight rectangle, erect, rectify, misdirect, redirect
regn- rule, prevail reign, regent, regal, regnant
reject- deny, back-throw reject, rejectaneous, rejecter, rejectamenta
relat- borne-back relate, relative, relativity, relation
relic leave-back, neglect relic, relict, derelict, dereliction
reliev relieve, lessen, light relief, relieve, alleviate
remedy heal-again, cure remedies, remedial, remediate
ren- kidney renal, reniform, renin, renal gland,
rendre give back render, rendition, surrender, rendering
repta- to creep reptile, reptant, reptilian, reptation
rere- rear, backward arrears, reredemain, reredos, rereign
resid- remain, left over residual, residue, residuum, residence
resil- leap or bounce back resile, resilient, resiliience, resilin, resiliometer
resist withstand, oppose resist, resistance, resistor,
resona- sound again, echo resonance, resonator, resounding
reti- a net, weblike retina, reticle, retia, retiary, reticulate
retor- back-twist retort, retorsion, retortion, retortamonad
retrac- pull back, draw back retraction, retractile, retreat, retractable
retro- backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retroactive, retrogress, retrovert
reve- throw back the veil reveal, revealable, revelation
revi- see again review, revise, revision
rhabd- rod, rodlike rhabdomyoma, rhabditis, rhabdocoele, rhabdomancy, rhabdite
rach- spine, backbone rachianesthesia, rachidian, rachopathy, rachilysisrhage
rheo- current, flow rheostat, rheotaxis, rheoscope
rhin(o)- nose, snout rhinoceros, rhinovirus, rhinoplasty
rhiz(o)- root, pertaining to roots rhizoid, rhizome, rhizopod, rhizocarpous
rhod(o)- red, rose rhodium, rhododendron, rhodamine, rhodolite
rid(i)- joke, laugh, jest, funny riant, rident, ridicule, ridiculous
rigid stiff, fixed, set rigid, rigidity, rigor, rigorous, rigor mortis
robur- strength roborant, robust, roberite
rogare ask, question rogatory, rogation, interrogate,
rostr(a) beak, prow rostral, rostrate, rostrad, rostellum, curvirostral, serratirostral
rota- wheel, circle rotary, rotor, Rotifera, rotation
-rraphy suture aneurysmorrhaphy
-rrhage break, burst hemorrhage, menorrhagia, mastorrhagia, metrorragia
-rrhea flowing, discharge diarrhea, gonorrhea, menorrhea, seborrhea, amniorrhea
rub- red, rosy rubella, rubeola, ruby, rubescent, rubric
rugos- wrinkle rugose, rugulose, rugosity, Rugosa
-rupt- break, burst rupture, interrupt, abrupt, rout
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
sac- sack, pouch sack, saccate, sacculus, bisaccate
sacchar- sugar monosaccharide, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharine
sacr- sacred, holy sacrum, sacrament, sacrifice, saccharoidal
sagac- of keen perception sage, sagacity, sagacious, sageness
sagitta- arrow sagitta, sagittal, sagittary, sagittarius, sagittate
sal- salt saline, salimeter, salicylate
salic- willow salicin, salicaceae, salicylic acid
saliv- spit, spittle saliva, salivary, salivate, salivation
salping- fallopian tube salpinx, salpingitis, salpingian
salu- health salute, salubrious, salutiferous
salv- whole, safe salve, salvo, salvation, salvage
sanct- holy sanctify, sanctity, sanctuary, sanction, sacrosanct
-sangui- blood sanguine, sanguinolent, sanguicolous, sanguicolous
sanit- health, heal sanitary, sanitize, sanitation, sanitiarian, sanitarium
sapid- taste, flavor savor, sapidity, sapidness, insipid
sapien wise Homo sapien, sapient, savant, sapience
sapo- soap saponin, saponaceous, saponify, saponic acid, Sapindaceae
sapro- rotten, decay saprogenic, saprophyte, saprophagous, saprobe, sapropel
sarco- flesh sarcophagic, sarcolemma, sarcoma, sarcomere
sarment- prune, runner sarmentum, sarmentose, sarmentaceous
sartor- tailor, patcher sartor, sartorial, sartorius muscle
-saur- lizard like, reptile saurian, dinosaur, Ichthyosaur
saxi- stone, rock saxicava, saxifrage, saxitoxin, Saxicola, saxicholine
scabi- rough, itch scab, scabirs, scabicide, scabrous, scabious
scala- ladder, staircase scalar, scalariform, escalade, escalator
scalene- uneven scalene triangle, scalenous, scalenohedron
scand- to climb scandent, scandic, scansorial
scapho- hollow, bowl scapha, scaphoid, scaphopod, scaphocephalic
scato- feces, dung, excrement scatology, scatoma, scatoscopy, scatemia
scene stage scenic, scenery, scenography, scenographer
schizo- split, disunion, cleft schist, schizoid, schophrenia, schizomycetes, schistorrhachis
scien- to know science, scientist, scientific, sciential, omniscience
sciss- to cut scissel, scission, scissors, scissure
sclera(o)- hard sclera, sclerenchyma, sclerotic, sclerosis, scleroderma,
sclerata, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
scoli- crooked, curved scoliosis, scoliotic, scoliokyphosis
-scope see, gaze, shadow microscope, telescope, periscope, odontoscope
-scopy inspection, exam endoscopy, colonoscopy, proctoscopy, laryngoscopy
scri(b/p) write manuscript, inscription, transcribe, scribble, describe, perscribe
scrob- marked with pits scrobicula, scrobiculate, scrobiculus
scrutia- careful observation scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, scrutineer, scrutinous
sculp- to carve sculpture, sculptor, sculptile, sculpey, scalpel
scutum shield scutate, scutiferous, scutiform, scutelliform
scyph(o)- cup shaped, goblet scyphiform, scyphozoan, scyphozoid, scyphistoma
seb- grease, wax, oil, fat sebaceous gland, sebum, sebacic, seborrher, sebolith
-sect- cut, divide dissection, trisect, pinnatisect, sectism, transect, intersect, section
sedim- settling sediment, sedimental, sedimentary
seism- shake seismic, seismograph, seismology
selen- moon selenite, selenium, selenographer
sella- saddle sella turcica, dorsum sellae
sema- sign semantics, semaphore, semasiology
-semble same, similar, resemble, ensemble, assemble
semi- half, partly semicircle, semilunar, semi-detached, semiconscious, semiannual
semin- semen, seed seminar, seminal, inseminate
seni- old senile, senility, senior, seniority
sen(o)- six senary, senocular, senarius
sens- feel, perception sensation, sensitive, sensible, insensitive, insensate, sensual
sepa- covering, apart sepal, sepaloid, sepaline, sepalous, separate
seps- infection, make putrid sepsis, septicemia, sepsine, asepsis
sept- seven septuple, septuagenarian, septet, septennial
sept- wall, division septum, septal, septarium, septate
sequi- to follow, result sequel, sequential, sequence, consequence, sequacious
seri- silk-like serge, sericeous, sericate, sericulture
sero- body fluid, liquid serum, serology, serosity, serotherapy
serpen- creeping, crawling serpent, serpentine, serpiginous, serpentaria
serr- lock, crowd, bind serry, seragilo, serried,
serrat saw-toothed, jagged serrate, serrations, serrulate, sierras, biserrate, serratirostral
-sert join assert, insert
sesqui- one and a half sesquicentennial, sesquiplane, sesquioxide, sesquibasic
-sessi- sit, perch, attached sessile, session, insessores, insessorial, seance
seta- hair, bristle setigerous, setiferous, setiform, setaceous, polysetaceous
sex- six sexpartite, sexennial, sextuplets, sexcuspidate, sexivalent
-ship rank, quality, condition scholarship, courtship, penmanship, readership, professorship
sialo- saliva, salivary sialadenitis, sialoquent, sialagogic, sialolith, sialoanitis
sibilat- hiss sibilate, sibilant, sibilation, sibilance
-sicc- dry desiccate, exsiccate, desiccant, siccative
sider- iron siderocyte, siderography, siderolite, sideropenia
sigma- "S" shaped sigmoid colon, sigmascope, sigma curve
signum sign, signal, symbol sign, signal, signify, signate, signature, sigmoidal
silici- feel strong, flint silica gel, silicon, silicate, silicify, silicosis
siliq- pod, husk silique, siliquose, siliquoid, siliquous
silv(sylv)- forest, woods, country silva, silvae, silvanus, sylvan, sylvatic, silvaculture
simia- flat-nosed, monkey simian, simial, simioid, simious
similis alike, analogous similar, simile, facsimilie, simulate, similarity, similarly
sinistr- left, to the left sinister, sinistral, sinistrose, sinistrotorsian
-sinu- wind, bend, suggest sinuate, insinuate, sinuous, sinuosity
sipho- siphon, tube siphon, siphonifer, siphonophore, siphuncle, siphonaptera
-sis state, condition, process hypnosis, psychosis, trichinosis, loganamnosis
-sist stop, stand, delay insist, resist, desist, persist, assist
sito- grain, food sitomite, sitophobia, sitology, sitotoxin
skeleton dried body exoskeleton, endoskeleton, cytoskeleton
skia- shadow sciamachy, sciomancy, skiagraph, skiagram, skiascope
sol- sun solar, solarize, solarium
solen- channel solenoid, solenaceous, soleniform, solenidae, solenoconcha
solu- dissolve solute, solution, insoluble, resolution
-solv- to loosen solvent, resolve, absolve, dissolve, solve
soma(t)- body somatic, somite, somatoblast, somatogenic, somatopleure
somn(i)- sleep insomnia, somniferous, somnifacient, somnambulist, somnolent
-som(e)- body chrososome, centrosome, lysosome, autosome, monosome
son(a)- sound, resonance sonogram, ultrasonic, sonata, sonant, consonant, sonorous
-soph- wise sophomore, philosophy, sophisticated
sopor- lethargic sleep soporose, soporific, soporiferous, sopor, soporous
-sorb- suck in, swallow absorb, resorb, absorption, sorbability, sorbant
spadi- break, brown color spadix, spadicious, spadicose
-spasm draw, to rend spastic, spasmodic, spasticity, spasmatic, spasmolysis
spati- space, empty spatial, spacing, spacer
speci- type species, speciation, specimen, specialist
-spect- to look, behold spectator, inspect, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
spectro- spectrum spectra, spectroscope, spectrometer, spectrometer
specul- spy, look, see speculate, speculum, specular
spel- cave, cavern spelian, spelunker, speleology, speleologist
-spend- to weigh out, hang expense. suspend, spence, spender
-sperm- seed, sperm, sow spermatozoa, spermatophore, carposperm
sphen- a wedge sphenic, sphenodon, sphenoid
sphere sphere, ball spherical, spheroidal, hemisphere, atmosphere
-sphygm- pulse, beat sphygmomanometer, sphygmoid, sphygmus
spic- spike, a point spicate, spiculate, spicule, spiculum
spir(o)- breathe inspire, respiration, aspirator, expire
spire a coil spiral, spireme, spiriferous, spirillum
splen- spleen, rancor splenish, splenic, spleenectomy, splenomegaly
spondyl- vertebrae spondylalgia, spondylitic, spondylopathy
spons- promise, pledge sponsor, response, spouse, responsible
spont- unconstrained, free will spontaneous, spontaneity, spontaneously
-spor(o)- spore, seed sporophyte, sporocyte, macrospore, sporocyst, sporangium
spum- foam, froth spumid, spumescent, spume, spumoni
squal- foul, dirty squalor, squalid, squalidity, squalidly
squam- scale, thin, plate squamous, Squamata, squamal, squamula, squamatic
squarros- spreading at tips, scabby squarrose, squarrulose, squarrous
stab- firm, stable, standing stable, stablize, establish, stability
-stan homeland, country Afghanistan, Pakistan, Frengistan, Bradistan, Uzbekistan
stagn- quiet pool, swamp stagnate, stagnant,stagnation, stanch
stalak- to drip, drop stalactite, stalagma, stalagmite, stalactiform
stamen- thread stamen, stamenate, stamina, staminodium
stanni- tin stannic, stannary, stannite, stannum
stapes stirrup stapedial, stapedectomy, stapediovestibular, interstapedial
staphyl- cluster, uvula staphylococcus, staphyloplasty, staphyline, staphyedema
-stasis control, stop, stationary homeostasis, hemostasis, isostasy, cryostasis, cytostasis
-stat device to check or stop, hemostat, thermostat, static, statute, rheostat, fungistat
stationary, still barostat
-stato- balance, equilibrium statocyst, statoblast, statoscope, stator
stauro- cross staurolite, stauroscope, staurophyll, staurophobia
-stear- fat substance stearate, stearone, stearic, steatoma, steatogenous
stella- star stellar, constellation, stellate
sten- narrow, constricted stenophyllous, stenographer, stenosis, stenochoria
-ster person associated with youngster, gangster, songster, mobster
sterco- feces stercolith, stercoroma, stercobilin, stercoraceous
stereo- 3D, solid, firm stereophonic, stereognosis, stereoisomer,
stereotactic, stereomicroscope
sterno- breast sternum, sternocostal, sternoscapular, sternalgia, sternoid
steth- chest stethoscope, stethometer, stethophone
stheno- strength asthenia, sthenic, asthenolith, sthenolagnia
-stigma- stain, spot stigmatize, stigmatic, astigmatism
-still- drip, drop distill, instill, stillicidium, stillicide
stipe stalk, stem, post stipes, stiple, stipellate, stipitate
stoich- step, go stoichiometry, stoichiology, stoichiological, stoichiometric
stoma(t)- mouth, opening stomata, cytostome, stomatitis, stomach, stomatopod
strabis- to squint strabism, strabisum, strabotomy, strabismometer
strang- halter, twisted strangle, strangulated, strangury
strati- layer, spread out stratus, stratum, stratiform, stratocumulus
strept- chains, twisted streptococcus, streptomycin, streptomycetes
stria- groove, furrow striae, striated, striation, striature
-strict- bind, upright, stiff strict, stricture, restriction, constriction
strig- scraper, bristle strigose, strigillose, strigate, strigilation
strob- twisting, turn strobic, strobila, strobile, stroboscope
stroma- mattress, bed cover stromatic, stromatolite, stromatin
-struct pile, build up construct, obstruct, destruct, structure, restructure
stud(e,i)- be diligent, zeal student, studio, studied, studious
styl- pillar, stalk, stem stylopodium, stylus, stylist, stylaster, styloid, styolite
styptic contract styptic, stypticit, stypsis
-suas- to advise, agree persuade, suasible, dissuade, suasion, suave
sub- under, below, smaller subdermal, subcutaneous, subspecies, submerge, subset
sublim- high, lofty, supreme sublime, sublimate, sublimity, sublimable
succu- juice succus, succulent, succulous, succulence
suda- sweat, perspire sudary, sudarium, sudatory, sudatorium, sudorific
sulc- pow, groove, furrow sulcate, sulcus, sulcation, sulciform
super(i)- above, over, upon supercede, superior, superscript, supernatural, supersonic
supin- lying back, downward supine, supinate, supination
supra- above, over, upon suprarenal, supraorbital, supramolecular
suppos- place under suppose, supposition, suppository, presuppose
-surg- rise surge, insurgent, insurrection
suspen- under-hang suspend, suspension, suspense, suspender
susurr- whisper, rustling susurrant, susurrus, susurrate, susurration
syco- fig, lump sycosis, syconium, sycamore, sycophnat
syllab- together-take syllable, syllabic, syllabus
sym- with, together, same symphony, symmetry, sympathy, symbol
symbio- dwell together symbiosis, symbiotic, symbiotically, symbiote, symbiont
sympto- together-fall, coincide symptom, symtomatic, symptomatology, symptomless
syn- with, together, united synapse, synergy, synthetic, syndicate, synchronous, synclitism
syncretism, syncope, syndactyl, syngamy, synod, synonymous
-synthes- put together, to make synthesis, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, synthesize
syrin- tube, pipe syringe, syrinx, syringomyelia
system together-stand, combine systemic, systematic, systematist, solar system, organ system
systol- contraction systole, systolic, diastole, asystole, peristalic
sacchar- sugar monosaccharide, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharine
sacr- sacred, holy sacrum, sacrament, sacrifice, saccharoidal
sagac- of keen perception sage, sagacity, sagacious, sageness
sagitta- arrow sagitta, sagittal, sagittary, sagittarius, sagittate
sal- salt saline, salimeter, salicylate
salic- willow salicin, salicaceae, salicylic acid
saliv- spit, spittle saliva, salivary, salivate, salivation
salping- fallopian tube salpinx, salpingitis, salpingian
salu- health salute, salubrious, salutiferous
salv- whole, safe salve, salvo, salvation, salvage
sanct- holy sanctify, sanctity, sanctuary, sanction, sacrosanct
-sangui- blood sanguine, sanguinolent, sanguicolous, sanguicolous
sanit- health, heal sanitary, sanitize, sanitation, sanitiarian, sanitarium
sapid- taste, flavor savor, sapidity, sapidness, insipid
sapien wise Homo sapien, sapient, savant, sapience
sapo- soap saponin, saponaceous, saponify, saponic acid, Sapindaceae
sapro- rotten, decay saprogenic, saprophyte, saprophagous, saprobe, sapropel
sarco- flesh sarcophagic, sarcolemma, sarcoma, sarcomere
sarment- prune, runner sarmentum, sarmentose, sarmentaceous
sartor- tailor, patcher sartor, sartorial, sartorius muscle
-saur- lizard like, reptile saurian, dinosaur, Ichthyosaur
saxi- stone, rock saxicava, saxifrage, saxitoxin, Saxicola, saxicholine
scabi- rough, itch scab, scabirs, scabicide, scabrous, scabious
scala- ladder, staircase scalar, scalariform, escalade, escalator
scalene- uneven scalene triangle, scalenous, scalenohedron
scand- to climb scandent, scandic, scansorial
scapho- hollow, bowl scapha, scaphoid, scaphopod, scaphocephalic
scato- feces, dung, excrement scatology, scatoma, scatoscopy, scatemia
scene stage scenic, scenery, scenography, scenographer
schizo- split, disunion, cleft schist, schizoid, schophrenia, schizomycetes, schistorrhachis
scien- to know science, scientist, scientific, sciential, omniscience
sciss- to cut scissel, scission, scissors, scissure
sclera(o)- hard sclera, sclerenchyma, sclerotic, sclerosis, scleroderma,
sclerata, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
scoli- crooked, curved scoliosis, scoliotic, scoliokyphosis
-scope see, gaze, shadow microscope, telescope, periscope, odontoscope
-scopy inspection, exam endoscopy, colonoscopy, proctoscopy, laryngoscopy
scri(b/p) write manuscript, inscription, transcribe, scribble, describe, perscribe
scrob- marked with pits scrobicula, scrobiculate, scrobiculus
scrutia- careful observation scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, scrutineer, scrutinous
sculp- to carve sculpture, sculptor, sculptile, sculpey, scalpel
scutum shield scutate, scutiferous, scutiform, scutelliform
scyph(o)- cup shaped, goblet scyphiform, scyphozoan, scyphozoid, scyphistoma
seb- grease, wax, oil, fat sebaceous gland, sebum, sebacic, seborrher, sebolith
-sect- cut, divide dissection, trisect, pinnatisect, sectism, transect, intersect, section
sedim- settling sediment, sedimental, sedimentary
seism- shake seismic, seismograph, seismology
selen- moon selenite, selenium, selenographer
sella- saddle sella turcica, dorsum sellae
sema- sign semantics, semaphore, semasiology
-semble same, similar, resemble, ensemble, assemble
semi- half, partly semicircle, semilunar, semi-detached, semiconscious, semiannual
semin- semen, seed seminar, seminal, inseminate
seni- old senile, senility, senior, seniority
sen(o)- six senary, senocular, senarius
sens- feel, perception sensation, sensitive, sensible, insensitive, insensate, sensual
sepa- covering, apart sepal, sepaloid, sepaline, sepalous, separate
seps- infection, make putrid sepsis, septicemia, sepsine, asepsis
sept- seven septuple, septuagenarian, septet, septennial
sept- wall, division septum, septal, septarium, septate
sequi- to follow, result sequel, sequential, sequence, consequence, sequacious
seri- silk-like serge, sericeous, sericate, sericulture
sero- body fluid, liquid serum, serology, serosity, serotherapy
serpen- creeping, crawling serpent, serpentine, serpiginous, serpentaria
serr- lock, crowd, bind serry, seragilo, serried,
serrat saw-toothed, jagged serrate, serrations, serrulate, sierras, biserrate, serratirostral
-sert join assert, insert
sesqui- one and a half sesquicentennial, sesquiplane, sesquioxide, sesquibasic
-sessi- sit, perch, attached sessile, session, insessores, insessorial, seance
seta- hair, bristle setigerous, setiferous, setiform, setaceous, polysetaceous
sex- six sexpartite, sexennial, sextuplets, sexcuspidate, sexivalent
-ship rank, quality, condition scholarship, courtship, penmanship, readership, professorship
sialo- saliva, salivary sialadenitis, sialoquent, sialagogic, sialolith, sialoanitis
sibilat- hiss sibilate, sibilant, sibilation, sibilance
-sicc- dry desiccate, exsiccate, desiccant, siccative
sider- iron siderocyte, siderography, siderolite, sideropenia
sigma- "S" shaped sigmoid colon, sigmascope, sigma curve
signum sign, signal, symbol sign, signal, signify, signate, signature, sigmoidal
silici- feel strong, flint silica gel, silicon, silicate, silicify, silicosis
siliq- pod, husk silique, siliquose, siliquoid, siliquous
silv(sylv)- forest, woods, country silva, silvae, silvanus, sylvan, sylvatic, silvaculture
simia- flat-nosed, monkey simian, simial, simioid, simious
similis alike, analogous similar, simile, facsimilie, simulate, similarity, similarly
sinistr- left, to the left sinister, sinistral, sinistrose, sinistrotorsian
-sinu- wind, bend, suggest sinuate, insinuate, sinuous, sinuosity
sipho- siphon, tube siphon, siphonifer, siphonophore, siphuncle, siphonaptera
-sis state, condition, process hypnosis, psychosis, trichinosis, loganamnosis
-sist stop, stand, delay insist, resist, desist, persist, assist
sito- grain, food sitomite, sitophobia, sitology, sitotoxin
skeleton dried body exoskeleton, endoskeleton, cytoskeleton
skia- shadow sciamachy, sciomancy, skiagraph, skiagram, skiascope
sol- sun solar, solarize, solarium
solen- channel solenoid, solenaceous, soleniform, solenidae, solenoconcha
solu- dissolve solute, solution, insoluble, resolution
-solv- to loosen solvent, resolve, absolve, dissolve, solve
soma(t)- body somatic, somite, somatoblast, somatogenic, somatopleure
somn(i)- sleep insomnia, somniferous, somnifacient, somnambulist, somnolent
-som(e)- body chrososome, centrosome, lysosome, autosome, monosome
son(a)- sound, resonance sonogram, ultrasonic, sonata, sonant, consonant, sonorous
-soph- wise sophomore, philosophy, sophisticated
sopor- lethargic sleep soporose, soporific, soporiferous, sopor, soporous
-sorb- suck in, swallow absorb, resorb, absorption, sorbability, sorbant
spadi- break, brown color spadix, spadicious, spadicose
-spasm draw, to rend spastic, spasmodic, spasticity, spasmatic, spasmolysis
spati- space, empty spatial, spacing, spacer
speci- type species, speciation, specimen, specialist
-spect- to look, behold spectator, inspect, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
spectro- spectrum spectra, spectroscope, spectrometer, spectrometer
specul- spy, look, see speculate, speculum, specular
spel- cave, cavern spelian, spelunker, speleology, speleologist
-spend- to weigh out, hang expense. suspend, spence, spender
-sperm- seed, sperm, sow spermatozoa, spermatophore, carposperm
sphen- a wedge sphenic, sphenodon, sphenoid
sphere sphere, ball spherical, spheroidal, hemisphere, atmosphere
-sphygm- pulse, beat sphygmomanometer, sphygmoid, sphygmus
spic- spike, a point spicate, spiculate, spicule, spiculum
spir(o)- breathe inspire, respiration, aspirator, expire
spire a coil spiral, spireme, spiriferous, spirillum
splen- spleen, rancor splenish, splenic, spleenectomy, splenomegaly
spondyl- vertebrae spondylalgia, spondylitic, spondylopathy
spons- promise, pledge sponsor, response, spouse, responsible
spont- unconstrained, free will spontaneous, spontaneity, spontaneously
-spor(o)- spore, seed sporophyte, sporocyte, macrospore, sporocyst, sporangium
spum- foam, froth spumid, spumescent, spume, spumoni
squal- foul, dirty squalor, squalid, squalidity, squalidly
squam- scale, thin, plate squamous, Squamata, squamal, squamula, squamatic
squarros- spreading at tips, scabby squarrose, squarrulose, squarrous
stab- firm, stable, standing stable, stablize, establish, stability
-stan homeland, country Afghanistan, Pakistan, Frengistan, Bradistan, Uzbekistan
stagn- quiet pool, swamp stagnate, stagnant,stagnation, stanch
stalak- to drip, drop stalactite, stalagma, stalagmite, stalactiform
stamen- thread stamen, stamenate, stamina, staminodium
stanni- tin stannic, stannary, stannite, stannum
stapes stirrup stapedial, stapedectomy, stapediovestibular, interstapedial
staphyl- cluster, uvula staphylococcus, staphyloplasty, staphyline, staphyedema
-stasis control, stop, stationary homeostasis, hemostasis, isostasy, cryostasis, cytostasis
-stat device to check or stop, hemostat, thermostat, static, statute, rheostat, fungistat
stationary, still barostat
-stato- balance, equilibrium statocyst, statoblast, statoscope, stator
stauro- cross staurolite, stauroscope, staurophyll, staurophobia
-stear- fat substance stearate, stearone, stearic, steatoma, steatogenous
stella- star stellar, constellation, stellate
sten- narrow, constricted stenophyllous, stenographer, stenosis, stenochoria
-ster person associated with youngster, gangster, songster, mobster
sterco- feces stercolith, stercoroma, stercobilin, stercoraceous
stereo- 3D, solid, firm stereophonic, stereognosis, stereoisomer,
stereotactic, stereomicroscope
sterno- breast sternum, sternocostal, sternoscapular, sternalgia, sternoid
steth- chest stethoscope, stethometer, stethophone
stheno- strength asthenia, sthenic, asthenolith, sthenolagnia
-stigma- stain, spot stigmatize, stigmatic, astigmatism
-still- drip, drop distill, instill, stillicidium, stillicide
stipe stalk, stem, post stipes, stiple, stipellate, stipitate
stoich- step, go stoichiometry, stoichiology, stoichiological, stoichiometric
stoma(t)- mouth, opening stomata, cytostome, stomatitis, stomach, stomatopod
strabis- to squint strabism, strabisum, strabotomy, strabismometer
strang- halter, twisted strangle, strangulated, strangury
strati- layer, spread out stratus, stratum, stratiform, stratocumulus
strept- chains, twisted streptococcus, streptomycin, streptomycetes
stria- groove, furrow striae, striated, striation, striature
-strict- bind, upright, stiff strict, stricture, restriction, constriction
strig- scraper, bristle strigose, strigillose, strigate, strigilation
strob- twisting, turn strobic, strobila, strobile, stroboscope
stroma- mattress, bed cover stromatic, stromatolite, stromatin
-struct pile, build up construct, obstruct, destruct, structure, restructure
stud(e,i)- be diligent, zeal student, studio, studied, studious
styl- pillar, stalk, stem stylopodium, stylus, stylist, stylaster, styloid, styolite
styptic contract styptic, stypticit, stypsis
-suas- to advise, agree persuade, suasible, dissuade, suasion, suave
sub- under, below, smaller subdermal, subcutaneous, subspecies, submerge, subset
sublim- high, lofty, supreme sublime, sublimate, sublimity, sublimable
succu- juice succus, succulent, succulous, succulence
suda- sweat, perspire sudary, sudarium, sudatory, sudatorium, sudorific
sulc- pow, groove, furrow sulcate, sulcus, sulcation, sulciform
super(i)- above, over, upon supercede, superior, superscript, supernatural, supersonic
supin- lying back, downward supine, supinate, supination
supra- above, over, upon suprarenal, supraorbital, supramolecular
suppos- place under suppose, supposition, suppository, presuppose
-surg- rise surge, insurgent, insurrection
suspen- under-hang suspend, suspension, suspense, suspender
susurr- whisper, rustling susurrant, susurrus, susurrate, susurration
syco- fig, lump sycosis, syconium, sycamore, sycophnat
syllab- together-take syllable, syllabic, syllabus
sym- with, together, same symphony, symmetry, sympathy, symbol
symbio- dwell together symbiosis, symbiotic, symbiotically, symbiote, symbiont
sympto- together-fall, coincide symptom, symtomatic, symptomatology, symptomless
syn- with, together, united synapse, synergy, synthetic, syndicate, synchronous, synclitism
syncretism, syncope, syndactyl, syngamy, synod, synonymous
-synthes- put together, to make synthesis, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, synthesize
syrin- tube, pipe syringe, syrinx, syringomyelia
system together-stand, combine systemic, systematic, systematist, solar system, organ system
systol- contraction systole, systolic, diastole, asystole, peristalic
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
tabe- wasting away tabefy, tabes, tabefacation, tabetiform, tabesence
tabul- board, plane surface table, tabular, tabulate, tabloid, tableau
tachy- rapid, fast, elevated tachypnea, tachycardia, tachyon, tachhydrite, hæmatachometer
tacit- be silent taciturn, tacitly, tacitness
tact- touch tact, tactile, tactometer, tactual
taen- ribbon, stretch Taenia, taenidium, taeniafuge, taeniacide
-tail to cut retail, detail, tailor
-tain to hold retain, detain, obtain
talo- ankle talus, taliped, talipes, talocalcaneal
tang- touch, feel tangible, tangent, tango, intangible, tangency
-tard- slow, late tardy, retarded, tardo, tarry, tardive, tardigrade
-tars- ankle tarsus, tarsae, tarsum, tarsier, tarsiiformes, metatarsal
tauro- bull taurus, taurine, taurobolium, tauriform
tauto- same, identical, repeat tautomerism, tautology, tautomeric, tautochrone, tautonym
taxo- arrangement, order taxonomy, taxidermy, taxiarch, taxonomist
-taxi- movement taxicab, taxiway, geotaxis, phototaxis, taximeter
techn- art, skill technician, technique, technology, technagogy
tegmen- cover tegula, integument, tegular, tegulary
tele- far, distant, long television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry, telekinesis
telo- end, complete telophase, teloblast, teleology, teleost
tellur(o)- earth tellurian, tellurium, tellurous, tellurion
temp- time, state temporal, temper, temperment, tempest
-tempt touch, try taunt, attempt, contempt, tempting
ten- to hold fast tenaul, tenant, tenacious, tenaculum, tenet
-tend(o)- stretch, sinew tendon, tendosynovitis, tendril, tendinous, protend,
protensive, protense, protasis
tenebr- gloomy, dark tenebrous, Tenebrionoidea, tenebrific
tens- tension tense, tensile, tensiometer, intense, tensility
tenui- thin, slender tenuous, tenuity, tenuis
tep(e/i)- warm tepid, tepify, tephrite, tepefacation
ter- three, thrice tertial, tertiary, tercet, tersulphide, ter-tenant
terat- monster, malformed teratology, teratism, teratogen, teratoid, teratoma
teres- round terete, Teres Major, ligamentum teres
terg- the back tergal, tergum, tergiversate, tergiversation
term- boundry terminal, terminate, terminus
tern- by threes ternay, ternate, ternion, ternately
terra- earth, land terrain, territory, terrarium, terrestrial
terri- frighten, intimidate terrify, terrible terror, terrorist
terti- third, thrice tertiary, tertian, tertial
-test witness attest, detest, protest, contest
tetan- rigid tetanus, tetany, tetanize
tetra- four tetrad, tetraploid, tetraspore, tetrapod
text- to weave texture, textile, textual, textbook
-th ordinal number (a noun) tenth, millionth, growth
thalam- chamber, bed thalamus, thalamic, thalamencephalon
thall- undifferentiated shoot thallus, thallophyte, thalloid
-thana- death euthanasia, thanatopsis, thanatos
thec(a)- sheath or case gonotheca, hydrotheca, spermatheca, ootheca
the(o/a)- God theology, atheist, polytheist, theogony, thesium, thearchy
therap- serve, treatment, look at therapy, therapist, therapeutic, theorem, theoretical
therm- heat, body temperature thermometer, thermodynamics, homeotherm
endothermic, exothermic, hypothermic, thermoreceptor
thigm- touch thigmotropism, thigmotaxis, thigmotropic
thio- compound with sulfur thioacetate, thiocyanate, thionic
thora(c/x)- chest thorax, thoracic, thoracentesis, cephalothorax
thromb- clot thrombus, thrombosis, thrombocyte, thrombin, thromboid
tinct- stain, color or tint tinct, tincture, tinctorial, tingible
tinea- mouth, worm tineal, tineoid, tineidae
tinni- ringing tinnitus, tingle, tintinnabulation
titan- giant, prodigious size titan, titanic, titanium, titansilicate
-tom(e) cutting, section, part microtome, dermatome, atom, diatom, epitome
-tom(y) cut, cutting, slice appendectomy, tonsillectomy, anatomy, tracheotomy
-ton(ic/o)- stretched isotonic, hypertonic, tonus, tonic,
topo- surface topography, topographical, topectomy
torsi- twist torsion, torsive, tortuous, torsiometer0.
tox(i)- poison toxin, toxic, antitoxin, toxemia, toxicology, toxiglossa
trache- (windpipe) tube trachea, tracheal, tracheitis, tracheostomy
tracho- hair, thread, filament trichocyst, trachoma, trachytic, trachyte
-tract- pull, drag, draw attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract
trans- across, over, beyond transmit, transport, transaction, transducer, transoceanic
translocation, transfer, transpose, transference
trapez- four-footed, table trapeze, trapezium, trapezoid
trama- wound, injury traumatic, traumatize, traumatropism
tri- three, having three tripod, triglyceride, triploid, tricolor, triptych, triangle
parts tricuspid, triceps, triceratops, trichromic, trinity, tripod
-tribu- press, tribe, assembly tribune, tribulation, tribunal, retribution
trich- hair, thread, filament trichinid, trichinosis, trichite, schizotrichia, trichotomy
-tripsy crushing lithotripsy,
trit- rub, worn, frayed trite, trituration, triturate, triturator
trocha- wheel, runner, to run trochelminth, trochanter, trochilus, trochlea, trochoid
-trope turn toward tropism, phototrophic, geotropism, hydrotropism, trope
-troph feeding, fed, to eat trophic level, autotroph, heterotroph, trophoblast, trophallaxis
-tropism movement or growth in phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, thermotropism,
response to a stimulus thigmotropism
-trophy development, nutrition atrophy, dystrophy, trophy
-trud thrust extrude, protrude, intrude, protrusive
trunc- maimed truncate, truncheon, truncated
trypan- borer trypanosome, trypanosomiasis, trypanosoma
tuber- a swelling tuberculosis, protuberant, tubercle, tuberosity
-turb- mob, crowd, muddled turbid, disturb, turbulent
turgid swell turgor, turgidity, turgescent, turgent
twi- two twin, twilight, twice
-ty condition, state of quality, reality
tympan(o)- eardrum, drum tympanic membrane, tympany, tympanum
-typ- style, print type, typography, prototype, atypical
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
-ular of, resembling cellular, tubular, singular
-ule small grandule, tubule, vestibule, module
uln- ulna (lower arm) ulna, ulnar, ulnad, ulnaris, ulnoradial
ulti- beyond ultimate, ulterior, ultima, ultimatum
ultra- excessive, extreme ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultraconservative, ultramarine
ulul- howl ululant, ululation, ululate
umbilic- navel umbilicate, umbical
-umbra- shade, shadow umbrella, umbrage, penumbra, umbral, umbriferous
-un- not, opposite uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unconstitutional
under- below, incompletely undercook, underestimate, underage
up- higher upscale, upgrade, update, upheld
undu- a wave undulate, inundate, undulation, unde
ungu- nail, hoof, claw ungulate, ungula, unguis, ungual
uni- one, single unicorn, unicycle, union, unisexual, unilateral, uniped,
unipolar, unicellular, united, uniform,
urb- city urban, suburbs, urbane, urbis
-ura(o)- tail urochordate, uropygial, uropygidium
-ure act, process, condition erasure, judicature, legislature
uro- urine uric, urine, urinal, urology, urochord, urethane, urea
ur- first, original urtext, urheimat
ursa- a she-bear ursa, ursine, ursula, ursiform
urtica- nettle, burn urticarial, urticating, urticaceous
usti(u)- scorch, burn ustion, ustulate, ustulation
uter- uterus, womb uterus, uterotomy, uteroplacental
uti- fit for use utilize, utensil, utility
usu- use usual, usury, usufruct, usurp
-ule small grandule, tubule, vestibule, module
uln- ulna (lower arm) ulna, ulnar, ulnad, ulnaris, ulnoradial
ulti- beyond ultimate, ulterior, ultima, ultimatum
ultra- excessive, extreme ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultraconservative, ultramarine
ulul- howl ululant, ululation, ululate
umbilic- navel umbilicate, umbical
-umbra- shade, shadow umbrella, umbrage, penumbra, umbral, umbriferous
-un- not, opposite uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unconstitutional
under- below, incompletely undercook, underestimate, underage
up- higher upscale, upgrade, update, upheld
undu- a wave undulate, inundate, undulation, unde
ungu- nail, hoof, claw ungulate, ungula, unguis, ungual
uni- one, single unicorn, unicycle, union, unisexual, unilateral, uniped,
unipolar, unicellular, united, uniform,
urb- city urban, suburbs, urbane, urbis
-ura(o)- tail urochordate, uropygial, uropygidium
-ure act, process, condition erasure, judicature, legislature
uro- urine uric, urine, urinal, urology, urochord, urethane, urea
ur- first, original urtext, urheimat
ursa- a she-bear ursa, ursine, ursula, ursiform
urtica- nettle, burn urticarial, urticating, urticaceous
usti(u)- scorch, burn ustion, ustulate, ustulation
uter- uterus, womb uterus, uterotomy, uteroplacental
uti- fit for use utilize, utensil, utility
usu- use usual, usury, usufruct, usurp
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
vacan- empty, quiet vacant, vacancy, vacate, vacation, evacuate
vacc- cow vaccine, vaccinal, vaccination
vacill- waver, fluctuate vacillate, vacillation, vacillatory
vacu- hole, cavity vacuole, vacuous, vacuity, vaccum
-vade to go invade, invasion, evade, invader
vaga- wandering vagus nerve, vagabond, vagrant, vagary, vague
vagin- sheath, cup, inward vaginal, invaginate, vulvovaginitis
vain- empty vain, vanity, vanish, vanishing
-vale- value, worth equivalent, valence, invalid, trivalent, valiant, valid
vall- wall vallation
vallus- valley vallecula, vallecular
valv- shell, door valve, bivalave, univalve, valvate, valvulitis
-varicus straddle prevaricate, divaricate, prevarication
vario- change, bent varicella, variant, varicose veins
vas(o)- vessel vasodilator, vascular, vasomotor
-vec-(veh) to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, invected
velo- speed, swift velocimeter, velodrome, velocipede
velum veil, fleece, covering vellus, veliform, velar, velamen, velarium
ven- vein intraveneous, venipuncture, vena cava, venation, venule
venal- sale, mercenary vendor, venal, venality, vendue
venan- to hunt venison, venatical, venatio
ventr(i)- belly, stomach, venter, ventricle, venricular, ventricose
vert- (vers) to turn convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert
vera- true verify, veracious, veracity, verdict
verb- word verbal, verbosity, verbatim, verbalize
verd- green verdant, verdure, verditer, verdigris
-verg to incline converge, diverge, divergent
vermi- worm vermin, vermiform appendix, vermifuge, vermicide
verruc- wart verruca, verrucano, verrucose
-vers- turn, different reverse, obverse, transverse, diversely,
direction versatile, universe, version
-vert- to change, turn revert, invert, convert, divert, vertex
vesic- bladder, blister vesicant, vesicoclysis, vesicle, vesicant, vesiculator
-vest- garment, robe vest, vestment, invest, divest, vestry
vestib- cavity, entrance vestibule, vestibular, vestibulotomy
vestig- trace, footstep vestige, vestigial, investigate
via- road, way viaduct, deviate, viatic, viagraph, devious
vibr- shake, vibrate vibrant, vibrato, vibrissa, vibraculum
vice- in place of vicarious, vicar, viceroy, viscarage
vin- wine, grape vineyard, vintage, vinegar, vinic, vinegerone
-vious characterized by obvious, envious
vir- virus, slime, ooze virulence, virus, virology, virulent
virg- slender as a rod virgate, virgulate, virga, virgin
vis- see vision, visor, visage,
viscero- internal organs visceral, viscera, visceroptosis
vit(a)- life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
vivi- live, alive viable, revive, vivacious, vivid, vivipara, vivagious
vitr(e)- glass vitreous, vitriform, vitrify, in vitro
vitu- fault vituperate, vitiate, vitiation
-voc- call vocal, revoke, invoke, vocation, vociferate
vola- to fly volant, volatile, volplane, volery
-voli, volo- will volition, malevolent, volitive, volunteer
volt- turn volti, voluble, revolt, voltigeur
-volv- roll involve, revolve, evolve, devolve, involute, convolution
-vor(e)- eat, feed, devour carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivore, voracious
vot- to vow votive, votary, vote, devoted
-vuln- attack, wound vuln, vulnerable, invulnerable, vulnerability
vulp- fox, cunning vulpine, vulpecular, vulpicide
vacc- cow vaccine, vaccinal, vaccination
vacill- waver, fluctuate vacillate, vacillation, vacillatory
vacu- hole, cavity vacuole, vacuous, vacuity, vaccum
-vade to go invade, invasion, evade, invader
vaga- wandering vagus nerve, vagabond, vagrant, vagary, vague
vagin- sheath, cup, inward vaginal, invaginate, vulvovaginitis
vain- empty vain, vanity, vanish, vanishing
-vale- value, worth equivalent, valence, invalid, trivalent, valiant, valid
vall- wall vallation
vallus- valley vallecula, vallecular
valv- shell, door valve, bivalave, univalve, valvate, valvulitis
-varicus straddle prevaricate, divaricate, prevarication
vario- change, bent varicella, variant, varicose veins
vas(o)- vessel vasodilator, vascular, vasomotor
-vec-(veh) to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, invected
velo- speed, swift velocimeter, velodrome, velocipede
velum veil, fleece, covering vellus, veliform, velar, velamen, velarium
ven- vein intraveneous, venipuncture, vena cava, venation, venule
venal- sale, mercenary vendor, venal, venality, vendue
venan- to hunt venison, venatical, venatio
ventr(i)- belly, stomach, venter, ventricle, venricular, ventricose
vert- (vers) to turn convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert
vera- true verify, veracious, veracity, verdict
verb- word verbal, verbosity, verbatim, verbalize
verd- green verdant, verdure, verditer, verdigris
-verg to incline converge, diverge, divergent
vermi- worm vermin, vermiform appendix, vermifuge, vermicide
verruc- wart verruca, verrucano, verrucose
-vers- turn, different reverse, obverse, transverse, diversely,
direction versatile, universe, version
-vert- to change, turn revert, invert, convert, divert, vertex
vesic- bladder, blister vesicant, vesicoclysis, vesicle, vesicant, vesiculator
-vest- garment, robe vest, vestment, invest, divest, vestry
vestib- cavity, entrance vestibule, vestibular, vestibulotomy
vestig- trace, footstep vestige, vestigial, investigate
via- road, way viaduct, deviate, viatic, viagraph, devious
vibr- shake, vibrate vibrant, vibrato, vibrissa, vibraculum
vice- in place of vicarious, vicar, viceroy, viscarage
vin- wine, grape vineyard, vintage, vinegar, vinic, vinegerone
-vious characterized by obvious, envious
vir- virus, slime, ooze virulence, virus, virology, virulent
virg- slender as a rod virgate, virgulate, virga, virgin
vis- see vision, visor, visage,
viscero- internal organs visceral, viscera, visceroptosis
vit(a)- life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
vivi- live, alive viable, revive, vivacious, vivid, vivipara, vivagious
vitr(e)- glass vitreous, vitriform, vitrify, in vitro
vitu- fault vituperate, vitiate, vitiation
-voc- call vocal, revoke, invoke, vocation, vociferate
vola- to fly volant, volatile, volplane, volery
-voli, volo- will volition, malevolent, volitive, volunteer
volt- turn volti, voluble, revolt, voltigeur
-volv- roll involve, revolve, evolve, devolve, involute, convolution
-vor(e)- eat, feed, devour carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivore, voracious
vot- to vow votive, votary, vote, devoted
-vuln- attack, wound vuln, vulnerable, invulnerable, vulnerability
vulp- fox, cunning vulpine, vulpecular, vulpicide
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
-ward in the direction of skyward, inward, downward, outward, southward
-where location everywhere, nowhere, anywhere, somewhere
-wise direction clockwise, otherwise, profitwise, saleswise
with- together, united withhold, withstand, without, within
XSelect another letter.
-where location everywhere, nowhere, anywhere, somewhere
-wise direction clockwise, otherwise, profitwise, saleswise
with- together, united withhold, withstand, without, within
XSelect another letter.
xanth(o)- yellow xanthophyll, xanthine, xanthophane
xen(o)- stranger, foreigner xenolith, xenogamy, xenophobia
xer(o)- dry, dryness xeric, xerophyte, xeroderma, xerography
xiph- sword shaped xiphoid, xiphoiditis, xiphisternum, xiphiplastron
xylo- wood xylum, xylograph, xylene, xylophone
xys- file, scrape xyst, xysma, xyster
YSelect another letter.
xen(o)- stranger, foreigner xenolith, xenogamy, xenophobia
xer(o)- dry, dryness xeric, xerophyte, xeroderma, xerography
xiph- sword shaped xiphoid, xiphoiditis, xiphisternum, xiphiplastron
xylo- wood xylum, xylograph, xylene, xylophone
xys- file, scrape xyst, xysma, xyster
YSelect another letter.
-y condition, quality of runny, messy, summary, chilly, sleepy
-yne ending for alkynes
-yne ending for alkynes
PRS MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS
zeo- boil zeolite, zeoscope, zeolitic, zeocarbon
-zo- animal protozoan, zoology, zooplankton, zoospore, holozoic,
zoomorphic, zoo, Zodiac, zoophyte
zon- girdle, belt zone, zonary, zoned, zonate, zonal
-zygo- united, pair, yoke, tied zygote, zygospore, heterozygous, zygodactyl, zygosis,
together, articulation zygomatic arch
zym- causing to ferment enzyme, zymogen, zymometer, zymotic
-zo- animal protozoan, zoology, zooplankton, zoospore, holozoic,
zoomorphic, zoo, Zodiac, zoophyte
zon- girdle, belt zone, zonary, zoned, zonate, zonal
-zygo- united, pair, yoke, tied zygote, zygospore, heterozygous, zygodactyl, zygosis,
together, articulation zygomatic arch
zym- causing to ferment enzyme, zymogen, zymometer, zymotic
หน่วยคำ (Word Parts) คือคำหรือส่วนของคำที่เล็กที่สุดแต่มีความหมาย ในคำ ๆ หนึ่งอาจมีได้มากกว่าหนึ่งหน่วยคำ หน่วยคำมี 3 ประเภทใหญ่ดังนี้
Prefixes (อุปสรรค)คือ ส่วนของคำที่อยู่หน้าคำบ่งบอกความหมายของคำ
Suffixes (ปัจจัย) คือ ส่วนของคำที่อยู่ท้ายคำบ่งบอกความหมายและหน้าที่ของคำ
Root (รากคำ) คือ ส่วนที่เป็นความหมายหลักของคำ อาจอยู่ที่ตำแหน่งใดของคำก็ได้
ลองสังเกตกลุ่มคำต่อไปนี้
suspect
|
aspect
|
respect
|
expect
|
inspect
|
introspect
|
prospect
|
retrospect
|
circumspect
|
specter
|
spectrum
|
spectacle
|
specimen
|
spectacular
|
speculate
|
specious
|
perspective
|
perspicuous
| ||
เราจะเห็นว่าใน 18 คำนี้มีรากศัพท์ร่วมกันอยู่คือคำว่า "spect" ซึ่งมาจากคำละตินspecere แปลว่าเห็น เราจึงพอจะเกิดแนวคิดได้ว่าความหมายของคำทั้งหมดนี้คงมีความหมายในทางที่เกี่ยวกับสายตา หรือการมองเห็นแน่นอนเมื่อรู้ความหมายของรากศัพท์แล้ว
จำเป็นต้องรู้ความหมายของอุปสรรคหรือปัจจัย
ที่ติดมากับมันด้วยเพราะจะช่วยให้จำศัพท์หรือเดาความหมายได้ง่ายขึ้น เช่น คำว่า suspect
มีคำอุปสรรค sub ที่แปลว่า under ดังนั้นจึงจึงมีความหมายว่า มองข้างใต้ สิ่งที่เรามองข้างใต้
แปลว่าเราสงสัยในสิ่งนั้นจึงต้องก้มมองให้ชัด แนวคิดนี้จึงนำมาสู่ความหมายของคำนี้
ที่แปลว่า สงสัย ลองใช้วิธีการศึกษาศัพท์โดยการวิเคราะห์คำในลักษณะนี้แล้วนักเรียนจะเห็น
การท่องศัพท์เป็นเรื่องที่ไม่น่าเบื่ออีกต่อไป ต่อไปนี้นักเรียนจะได้ศึกษาเรื่องของหน่วยคำที่เป็น Prefixes, Suffixes & Roots
อย่างละเอียด เมื่อศึกษาเข้าใจดีแล้วลองทำแบบฝึกหัดเพื่อทบทวนความเข้าใจกันนะคะ
ที่ติดมากับมันด้วยเพราะจะช่วยให้จำศัพท์หรือเดาความหมายได้ง่ายขึ้น เช่น คำว่า suspect
มีคำอุปสรรค sub ที่แปลว่า under ดังนั้นจึงจึงมีความหมายว่า มองข้างใต้ สิ่งที่เรามองข้างใต้
แปลว่าเราสงสัยในสิ่งนั้นจึงต้องก้มมองให้ชัด แนวคิดนี้จึงนำมาสู่ความหมายของคำนี้
ที่แปลว่า สงสัย ลองใช้วิธีการศึกษาศัพท์โดยการวิเคราะห์คำในลักษณะนี้แล้วนักเรียนจะเห็น
การท่องศัพท์เป็นเรื่องที่ไม่น่าเบื่ออีกต่อไป ต่อไปนี้นักเรียนจะได้ศึกษาเรื่องของหน่วยคำที่เป็น Prefixes, Suffixes & Roots
อย่างละเอียด เมื่อศึกษาเข้าใจดีแล้วลองทำแบบฝึกหัดเพื่อทบทวนความเข้าใจกันนะคะ
1. อุปสรรค (prefix) อุปสรรค (Prefix) คือหน่วยที่เล็กที่สุดของความหมายในภาษา และ ไม่สามารถอยู่ลำพังได้ เป็นส่วนที่เติมหน้ารากศัพท์ (root or stem) เพื่อเพิ่มหรือเปลี่ยนความหมายของรากศัพท์นั้น โดยจะไม่เปลี่ยนหน้าที่ของรากศัพท์ ดังนั้นคำที่เกิดขึ้นใหม่ส่วนใหญ่จะมีหน้าที่เหมือนเดิมแต่มีความหมายเพิ่มเติมหรือเปลี่ยนไป เช่น
- เปลี่ยนไปในทางตรงกันข้าม
- เปลี่ยนไปในทางที่ไม่ดี ดีขึ้น แย่ลง
หรืออาจจะเติมหน้ารากศัพท์เพื่อ บอกทัศนคติ ตำแหน่งที่ตั้ง ลำดับที่ จำนวน
- เปลี่ยนไปในทางตรงกันข้าม
- เปลี่ยนไปในทางที่ไม่ดี ดีขึ้น แย่ลง
หรืออาจจะเติมหน้ารากศัพท์เพื่อ บอกทัศนคติ ตำแหน่งที่ตั้ง ลำดับที่ จำนวน
อุปสรรคที่สำคัญมีดังนี้
1. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายในเชิงปฏิเสธ "No" หรือ "Not" เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
un not unfair
in not inconvenient
im not impossible
1. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายในเชิงปฏิเสธ "No" หรือ "Not" เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
un not unfair
in not inconvenient
im not impossible
2. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) สถานที่ ตำแหน่ง (Placement) เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
inter among international
ex out exclude
sub under subtitle
3. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายเกี่ยวข้องกับเวลา (Time) เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
pre first pre-school
pro for, before pro-America
post after post-graduate
4. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายเกี่ยวข้องกับจำนวนเลข (Number) เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
tri three tri angular
uni one unify
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
inter among international
ex out exclude
sub under subtitle
3. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายเกี่ยวข้องกับเวลา (Time) เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
pre first pre-school
pro for, before pro-America
post after post-graduate
4. อุปสรรค (Prefixes) ที่มีความหมายเกี่ยวข้องกับจำนวนเลข (Number) เช่น
อุปสรรค ความหมาย ตัวอย่างคำ
tri three tri angular
uni one unify
Example
อุปสรรค(prefix) +
|
รากศัพท์ (Root)
|
= คำใหม่(New word)
|
1. fore - (ก่อน) +
|
tell (บอก)
|
= foretell (ทำนาย)
|
2. miss - (ผิด) +
|
lead (นำ)
|
= mislead (นำไปในทางที่ผิด)
|
3. en (ทำให้) +
|
danger (อันตราย)
|
= endanger (ทำให้เป็นภัย)
|
4. contra (ต่อต้าน,ปะทะ) +
|
dict (พูด)
|
= contradict (ปฏิเสธ)
|
5. over (เหนื่อย) +
|
head (ศีรษะ)
|
= overhead (เหนือศีรษะ)
|
2. Root or Stemรากศัพท์ (Root or Stem) เป็นส่วนที่แสดงถึงความหมายพื้นฐานหรือความหมายหลัก (Basic Meaning) ของคำ เมื่อเติม Prefix หรือ Suffix เข้าไปแล้วก็จะเป็นคำขึ้นมา โดยที่ความหมายของรากศัพท์ยังคงเดิมไม่เปลี่ยนความหมายไป รากศัพท์ (roots) เป็นส่วนที่เป็นฐานของคำและเป็นตัวหลักเพื่อสร้างคำอื่น ๆ เพิ่มขึ้น และรากศัพท์เป็นส่วนที่ไม่สามารถแยกออกจากกันได้อีก รากศัพท์อาจเกี่ยวข้องกับจำนวนเลข (Numbers) การวัด (Measurement) การเคลื่อนไหว (Motion) การกระทำ (Action) ความรู้สึก (Senses) คุณภาพ (Quality) กฎหมาย (Law) และสังคม (Social) ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับจำนวนเลข (Numbers) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
semi one half
mono one
bi two
cent hundred
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการวัด (Measurement) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
graph / graphy a device to write or record
meter a device to measure
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการเคลื่อนไหว (Motion) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
vent to come
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการกระทำ (Action) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
stat / stit / sist to stand up
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับความรู้สึก (Senses) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
voc / vok voice; to call
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับคุณภาพ (Quality) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
clar bright
dur hard; strong
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับกฎหมาย (Law) และสังคม (Social) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
ver true; to prove
civ / cit city; government
cert to be sure or certain; approve
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับจำนวนเลข (Numbers) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
semi one half
mono one
bi two
cent hundred
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการวัด (Measurement) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
graph / graphy a device to write or record
meter a device to measure
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการเคลื่อนไหว (Motion) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
vent to come
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับการกระทำ (Action) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
stat / stit / sist to stand up
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับความรู้สึก (Senses) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
voc / vok voice; to call
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับคุณภาพ (Quality) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
clar bright
dur hard; strong
รากศัพท์ที่เกี่ยวกับกฎหมาย (Law) และสังคม (Social) เช่น
รากศัพท์ ความหมาย
ver true; to prove
civ / cit city; government
cert to be sure or certain; approve
ตัวอย่างเช่น
1. contort = con (ร่วมกัน, ด้วยกัน) เป็น prefix + tort (บิด) เป็นรากศัพท์
ดังนั้นความหมายของ contort คือ ทำให้คด, งอ, บิด |
2. torsion = tors (บิด) เป็นรากศัพท์ + ion (การ,ความ) เป็น suffix
ดังนั้นความหมายของ torsion จึงมีความหมายว่า "การบิด" |
3. irremovable = ir (ไม่) เป็น prefix + remove (เคลื่อนย้าย) เป็นรากศัพท์
+ able (สามารถ) เป็น suffix ดังนั้นความหมายของคำ irremovable จึงมีความหมายว่า "เคลื่อนย้ายไม่ได้" |
4. circumlocution = circum (รอบๆ)เป็น prefix + locu (พูด) เป็นรากศัพท์ + tion
(การ , ความ) เป็น suffix ดังนั้นความหมายของ circumlocution จึงมีความหมายว่า "การพูดจาแบบอ้อค้อม" |
5. triarchy = tri (สาม)เป็น prefix + archy (การปกครอง) เป็นรากศัพท์
ดังนั้น triarchy จึงมีความหมายว่า "การปกครองโดยคน 3 คน " |
3. ปัจจัย (Suffix) ปัจจัยคือส่วนที่เติมหลังรากศัพท์มักจะเปลี่ยนความหมายและหน้าที่ของคำด้วย หรือเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของคำที่อยู่ข้างหลังคำหลัก (Base words) หรือรากศัพท์ (Roots) โดยทั่วไป ปัจจัย (Suffixes) ช่วยชี้แนะชนิดของคำ (Parts of speech) เช่นการเติมปัจจัย -er , -ist , -or หลังคำหลัก และทำให้คำหลัก (Base words) เปลี่ยนชนิดของคำเป็นคำนาม
ประเภทของปัจจัย (Suffixes) สรุปได้ดังนี้
1. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้กริยาเป็นคำนาม คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำกริยา แล้วเปลี่ยนคำหลักเป็นชนิดของคำนาม เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ation combine combination
ment payment payment
er paint painter
al propose proposal
2. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คุณศัพท์เป็นคำนาม คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำคุณศัพท์ แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็น
ชนิดของคำนาม เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ness kind kindness
ce absent absence
ism human humanism
3. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คำนามเป็นคุณศัพท์ คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำนาม แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิด
ของคำศัพท์ เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ful success successful
ish selfish selfish
4. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คำกริยาเป็นคุณศัพท์ คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำกริยา แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิดของคำคุณศัพท์ เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ing amuse amusing
able remark remarkable
ive creat creative
ประเภทของปัจจัย (Suffixes) สรุปได้ดังนี้
1. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้กริยาเป็นคำนาม คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำกริยา แล้วเปลี่ยนคำหลักเป็นชนิดของคำนาม เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ation combine combination
ment payment payment
er paint painter
al propose proposal
2. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คุณศัพท์เป็นคำนาม คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำคุณศัพท์ แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็น
ชนิดของคำนาม เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ness kind kindness
ce absent absence
ism human humanism
3. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คำนามเป็นคุณศัพท์ คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำนาม แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิด
ของคำศัพท์ เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ful success successful
ish selfish selfish
4. ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คำกริยาเป็นคุณศัพท์ คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำกริยา แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิดของคำคุณศัพท์ เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ing amuse amusing
able remark remarkable
ive creat creative
- ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คุณศัพท์เป็นกริยาวิเศษณ์ คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำคุณศัพท์ แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิดของคำกริยาวิเศษณ์ เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ly private privately - ปัจจัยที่ทำให้คุณศัพท์เป็นกริยา คือ ปัจจัยที่เติมหลังคำคุณศัพท์ แล้วเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิด ของคำกริยา เช่น
ปัจจัย ตัวอย่างคำ ความหมาย
ize civil civilize
en bright brighten
ตัวอย่างเช่น
คำ(Word ) +
|
ปัจจัย (Suffix)
|
คำใหม่(New word)
|
1.kind (adj) +
|
ness
|
= kindness (noun)
|
2. assist (verb) +
|
ant
|
= assistant (noun)
|
3.danger (noun)+
|
ous
|
= dangerous (adjective)
|
4. use (verb) +
|
ful
|
= useful(adjective)
|
5. instant (noun)+
|
ly
|
= instantly (adverb)
|
ตัวอย่างการวิเคราะห์หน่วยคำที่ประกอบอยู่ในคำศัพท์
1. Oxygen is an invisible gas.
Definition = cannot be seen
Prefix = in
Root= vis
Suffix= ible
Part of speech= adj
2. Barbara talks incessantly.
Definition =without stopping, constantly
Prefix =in
Root = cess
Suffix = ant
Suffix = ly
Part of speech = adverb
3. The school board allocated some money for the purchase of computer equipment.
Definition = to distribute for a specific purpose
Prefix = al
Root = loc
Suffix = ate
Suffix = ed
Part of speech = verb
4. There are laws against indecent behavior.
Definition = not conforming to standards, not appropriate
Prefix = in
Root = dec
Suffix = ent
Part of speech = adj.
5. Ever since he was sick, Vincent's hair has looked flat and lusterless.
Definition = without shine, dull
Root = lust
Suffix = less
Part of speech = adj.
6. Yoko is reading a nonfiction book.
Definition = literature that is based on fact, not fiction
Prefix = non
Root = fict
Suffix = ion
Part of speech = noun
7. It finally occurred to Sam that the more he studied the better grade he received.
Definition = to come to mind, happen
Prefix = oc
Root = curr
Suffix = ed
Part of speech = verb
8. Some products have disclaimers written on their packages.
Definition = a denial of legal responsibilities and demands
Prefix = dis
Root = claim
Suffix = er
Part of speech = plural noun
9. Carlos placed the camera on a tripod.
Definition = a three - legged stand
Prefix = tri
Root = pod
Part of speech = noun
10. Katrina was readmitted to school after a year off.
Definition = allowed in again
Prefix = re
Prefix = ad
Root = mit
Suffix = ed
Part of speech = verb
พอเข้าใจแล้วลองไปศึกษารายละเอียดของ Prefix, Suffix และ Root จากข้อมูลต่อไปนี้ได้เลยค่ะ
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